Diacylglycerol (DAG)-enriched oils have been drawing increased global attention from researchers and food manufacturers. The production of DAG-enriched oils have been investigated extensively because of its health benefit. DAG is commonly produced chemically through glycerolysis processes. This paper attempts to review and summarize the chemical glycerolysis methods for DAG-enriched oils production. The critical process parameters of the DAG synthesis are also presented and discussed. In addition, a process intensification for DAG-enriched oils production has been developed with an objective of reducing required temperature with better reaction yields, and also lowering energy requirement and cost of processing.Practical applications: Diacylglycerol (DAG) has been widely used at different purity levels as an additive for enhancing fats' plasticity, an emulsifier and stabilizer in food as well as in medicine and cosmetic industries. DAG can be produced chemically through a glycerolysis process. Chemical production of DAG oil avoids a number of complex steps required in the enzymatic method. Important parameters in chemical glycerolysis must be fully considered to gain a better performance of chemical glycerolysis.
The objective of this research is to study the effect of drying and hydrodistillation time on the amount of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) essential oil. For this purpose, a hydrodistillation laboratory-scale extraction unit was employed. The fresh ginger were dried by air drying for 1, 2 and 4 days at ambient temperature. In general, ginger oil obtained in the form of bright yellow liquid with a distinctive aroma of ginger. The experimental results showed that the yields of the ginger essential oils were affected by the drying time of raw material and hydrodistillation times. The obtained essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 12 compounds were identified. The major compounds of ginger essential oil were 1,8-cineole, geranial, geraniol, camphene and neral.
Abstract. Pt nanoparticles on La-doped sodium tantalum oxide (La0.02Na0.98TaO3), which acts as an active co-catalyst for H2 evolution under UV light irradiation was successfully synthesized by photo-deposition method. The La0.02Na0.98TaO3 photocatalyst was obtained by the reaction of La(NO3)2.3H2O, TaCl5, and NaOH at ambient temperature. The catalyst produced was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). SEM images of the La0.02Na0.98TaO3 sample showing that its particles size is ranging between 50-150 nm. The Pt particles are detected from HRTEM images is around 2-4 nm. The Pt/La0.02Na0.98TaO3 samples prepared were applied for photocatalytic H2 production at 30 o C. The photocatalyst performance was evaluated for hydrogen production from water combining with glycerol as an electron donor (sacrificial reagent). The reactions were carried out in a closed reactor with a gas circulation system, illuminated with mercury (Hg) lamp. The experimental results show that the presence of glycerol in the systems can not only improve the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen generation but can also be decomposed to hydrogen efficiently. The photocatalytic activity of La0.02Na0.98TaO3 is significantly enhanced when Pt was loaded onto its crystalline surface.
Hospital wastewater basically contains organic materials and inorganic materials. Levels of these materials can be determined by testing of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), and Total Suspended Solid (TSS). The hospital wastewater treatment proposed in this research is the electrocoagulation treatment using electrodes Fe-Fe and uses the response surface method for optimizing the response variable. Referring to this resea rch, the result shows that the relationship between the process variables and the TSS is significantly influential. As the contact time (15, 30, and 45 minutes) is longer and the voltage (6, 9, and 12 volts) is higher, the percentage reductions of TSS increase. However, the electrolyte solution (0–1 M) has little influence/significance to a response variable of TSS. The highest percentage of TSS reduction is at the contact time 30 minutes and 12 volts, which declined at contact time 45 minutes. The model recommended is a quadratic form with a low error less than 1.6%. In such a way, the optimum condition is at contact time 36 minutes, voltage 12 volts, and the electrolyte (NaCl) concentration 0.1 M. The reduction percentage is TSS 72.45%.
Ferrous is one of the groundwater contaminants that negatively impacts health and the environment. The allowed ferrous content is < 1 ppm in water for daily use. Removal of Fe in groundwater by adsorption using low-cost bio-sorbent from rice husk has been conducted. The process was carried out in continuous mode using two types of rice husk-sourced adsorbents, one was only carbonated at 400 C and another was followed by a physical activation at 650 C. To study the effects of physical activation on the surface characteristics, both types of biosorbents were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The concentration of artificial sample before and after adsorption was evaluated using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. From the results, the adsorption using physically activated sorbent had greater removal efficiency of 74.02% compared to that of without activation treatment, which was only 65.70%. In addition, the concentration of ferrous was successfully reduced to 1,029 and 0.779 ppm from the initial concentration of 3 ppm for the process using the adsorbent without and with activation, respectively. It can be concluded that the physically activated rice husk has the potential to be used for adsorption of Ferrous in continuous column.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan proses Fenton dalam menurunkan kadar chemical oxygen demand (COD) dan kadar total suspended solid (TSS) dari limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS) dan menentukan kondisi optimum dari parameter yang digunakan dengan Response Surface Methodology menurut Box- Behnken design. Sampel diambil pada keluaran pertama kolam anaerobik ketiga dari instalasi pengolahan limbah cair kelapa sawit yang mengandung nilai COD berkisar antara 8.000 hingga 12.000 ppm. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengujian pada berbagai pH, konsentrasi FeSO4.7H2O dan konsentrasi hidrogen peroksida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan proses AOP dengan metode Fenton dapat menurunkan konsentrasi COD dan TSS masing-masing adalah 70,7704% dan 88,3897% pada konsentrasi FeSO4.7H2O 3703,52 ppm, konsentrasi H2O2 5586,43 ppm, dan pH 3.
Preparation and evaluation of activated carbon from the palm kernel shell (PKS), an abundant agricultural residue, by physical and chemical activation were carried out. The activation treatment of adsorbent with and without chemicals modification was evaluated. The physical activation using nitrogen gas and chemical treatment using 10 wt.% of sodium hydroxide and nitrogen gas as the activating agent. This study evaluated the activation temperature and nitrogen gas rate. The results showed that activated carbon treated with NaOH followed by heating under nitrogen gas had the highest iodine number of 1062.8 mg/g and methylene-blue number of 247.2 mg/g (heating at 750 °C, nitrogen gas flow rate of 100 mL/min). The equilibrium data obtained at various initial concentration reasonably fit well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption of Cu(II) ions fit with the Langmuir isotherm pattern with adsorption capacity (Xm) of 8.9445 mg/g and kf value of 0.16802 L/mg for activated carbon without NaOH treatment. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon with NaOH and heating at 750 °C under nitrogen gas was obtained 12.0773 mg/g and kf value of 0.15076 L/mg. Those results suggested the prepared adsorbent could be considered as a promising candidate for Cu(II) ions for wastewater treatment.
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