Clinicians should be aware of the presence of presence of retinopathy of prematurity when caring for protein small for gestational age infants.

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Aim The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of metabolic bone disease (MBD) and assess the risk factors for development radiologic evidence of MBD. Methods Preterm infants with gestational age ≤32 weeks and birth weight ≤1500 g were included in this prospective study. Metabolic bone disease was defined as hypophosphatemia (phosphorus levels <4 mg/dl), ALP levels >450 U/L, or radiologic findings of MBD at four weeks of age. Results The study included 254 infants (gestational age: 29 (27–30) weeks, birth weight: 1130 g (960–1300)). Metabolic bone disease was diagnosed in 96 patients (37%); 48 infants had only radiologic evidence of MBD, 24 infants had only biochemical diagnosis of MBD, and 24 infants had both radiologic evidence of MBD and biochemical diagnosis of MBD. Conclusions Our results showed that radiologic evidence of MBD existed in some infants with normal biochemical results. That finding may guide further development of screening programs for MBD.

Remifentanil analgesia for ROP treatment performed in the NICU by pediatricians is a safe and effective modality. This modality offers a practical solution in hospitals without readily available pediatric anesthetists.

No abstract

Cardiac arrhythmias are important causes of infant morbidity, and an occasional cause of infant mortality if undiagnosed and untreated. It is important for the physician to be aware of the etiology, development and natural history of arrhythmias in the fetal and neonatal period.

Clinicians should be aware of the presence of this morbidity when caring for preterm infants and to provide optimal enteral nutrition.

LED phototherapy of ≥ 60 μW/cm(2)/nm intensity significantly increases BT in hyperbilirubinemic newborns.