An accurate estimate for orangutan nest decay time is a crucial factor in commonly used methods for estimating orangutan population size. Decay rates are known to vary, but the decay process and, thus, the temporal and spatial variation in decay time are poorly understood. We used established line-transect methodology to survey orangutan nests in a lowland forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, and monitored the decay of 663 nests over 20 months. Using Markov chain analysis we calculated a decay time of 602 days, which is significantly longer than times found in other studies. Based on this, we recalculated the orangutan density estimate for a site in East Kalimantan; the resulting density is much lower than previous estimates (previous estimates were 3-8 times higher than our recalculated density). Our data suggest that short-term studies where decay times are determined using matrix mathematics may produce unreliable decay times. Our findings have implications for other parts of the orangutan range where population estimates are based on potentially unreliable nest decay rate estimates, and we recommend that for various parts of the orangutan range census estimates be reexamined. Considering the high variation in decay rates there is a need to move away from using single-number decay time estimates and, preferably, to test methods that do not rely on nest decay times as alternatives for rapid assessments of orangutan habitat for conservation in Borneo.

The aim of this study is to investigate teachers' perceptions about the importance of learning innovation toward critical thinking ability in learning mathematics. The subjects in this study are the teachers and the students of grade Vin Al-Islam 6 Al-Fajar, Muhammadiyah 23 and Cokroamino to Islamic Elementary School Surakarta. The research method used in this research is qualitative case study. The problem in the research is the students' mathematics score is low that is seen from the results of the daily test's students which showed 85% get grades below the minimal mastery criteria there is 60. The analysis technique used is triangulation. Validation used is qualitative descriptive. Based on the results of interviews to a number of teachers who teach mathematics in the fifth-grade in Pasarkliwon sub-district, it can be concluded that students' critical thinking ability in mathematics is low so that it is required innovative learning model used by the teachers.

Technological progress has had an impact on various fields of life, such as the field of education. The learning process is one of the systems that is influenced by digital technology, ongoing learning has been combined with the presence of innovative digital learning media. With the combination of technological advancements and learning systems, it is expected to have an impact on upgrading the quality of education. Reflections on improving the education's quality can be seen based on the competencies of students who have gone through a series of educational processes. Craft and Entrepreneurship are subjects that have just been applied to the implementation of the 2013 curriculum. The government has prepared a 2013 curriculum to equip students with the competencies needed in the era of digital technology. The development and utilization of technology on those learning processes will be able to assist students in understanding the material presented so that it is expected to produce students with competencies who are able to compete in the era of technology digital. Multimedia learning is one alternative computer-based that can be used by teachers to ease learning activities. The research method used in this article is a literature review, namely by finding and analyzing sources that are relevant to the object of this study.

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