Abstrak. Penderita penyakit Diabetes Melitus seringkali mambatasi konsumsi nasi karena beras dianggap sebagai pangan hiperglikemik, padahal dari beberapa penelitian diketahui bahwa beras mempunyai kisaran indeks glikemik yang cukup luas. Oleh karena itu, pengetahuan mengenai efek asupan karbohidrat terhadap kadar gula darah dan respon insulin berguna dalam penyusunan menu diet bagi penderita diabetes. Sebagai makanan sumber karbohidrat, konsumsi beras yang memiliki indeks glikemik (IG) rendah akan membantu mengendalikan kadar glukosa darah. Tujuan dari penulisan review ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi IG beras serta keterkaitannya terhadap kesehatan tubuh. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi IG beras dianataranya adalah jenis/ varietas beras, proses pengolahan, dan perbandingan amilosa dan amilopektin. Kandungan amilosa yang tinggi terbukti memiliki kecenderungan memberikan nilai respon glikemik (IG) yang rendah. Proses pengolahan berupa pemanasan dan pratanak serta penambahan senyawa bioaktif (polifenol) diketahui mampu menurunkan IG beras. Dari segi varietas, beberapa varietas unggul padi yang mempunyai indeks glikemik rendah hingga sedang telah berhasil dirakit Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi Sukamandi. Beras-beras tersebut mempunyai karakteristik tekstur nasi yang pulen hingga pera sesuai dengan preferensi konsumen. Oleh karena itu, penderita diabetes tidak perlu khawatir mengonsumsi nasi, sepanjang tidak melebihi kebutuhan energi tiap individu. Abstract. Patients with Diabetes Mellitus often restrict the consumption of rice because rice has been blamed as hyperglycemic food, whereas from several studies, it is known that rice has a board range of glycemic index. Therefore, knowledge about the effects of carbohydrate intake on blood sugar levels and insulin response is useful in the preparation of the diet for diabetics. Consumption of rice as a source of carbohydrate which has a low glycemic index (GI) will help control blood glucose levels. Low GI food will produce slow blood glucose response when is consumed. The purpose of this review was to provide basic information about factors that affect rice GI and their corellation in health. Factors that affect rice GI are species/varieties of rice, processing, and ratio of amylose and amylopectin. High amylose content has been proved to have a tendency to give low glycemic response (GI). In addition, the processing such as heating, parboiled and an addition
The trade liberalisation under AFTA schemes commencing since 1 January 2003 would result in the more opened market in the ASEAN region and increased competition among countries in the region. The present paper aims to conduct an inter ASEAN comparative analysis on the export growth of agricultural products as well as effect of product composition, market distribution and competitiveness on export of agricultural products to the ASEAN region, using time-series data and Constant Market Share approach. The main findings of the analysis are as follows : (1) The Indonesia's export growth to the ASEAN region in the 1997-1999 period was the highest one among the ASEAN countries, even higher than the world export to the same region, while in the 1999-2001 period it decreased and became slower compared than Thailand, Filipina and world; (2) Composition of the Indonesia's export product was the best one among the ASEAN country, even though it weakened in the 1999-2001 from the previous period; (3) Market distribution of the Indonesia's export in the 1997-1999 period was worse than Singapore's only, but in the following period it weakened and became worse compared to Singapore and Vietnam; and (4) Competitiveness of the Indonesia's export in the 1997-1999 period was the best one among the ASEAN countries, but weakened in the subsequent period and became worse compared to the Philippines and Thailand. It is suggested that in the future, Indonesia needs to pay more attentions on the selection of correct product composition and country destination so as to win in the increasing competition with other ASEAN countries and even non ASEAN countries. Key words : AFTA Trade Liberalisation, Constant Market Share Approach, Product Composition Effect, Market Distribution Effect, Competition Effect ABSTRAKLiberalisasi perdagangan AFTA yang berlaku sejak 1 Januari 2003 akan menyebabkan makin terbukanya pasar di kawasan ASEAN dan makin tajamnya persaingan antar negara di kawasan ini. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis komparasi antar negara ASEAN yang menyangkut pertumbuhan ekspor produk pertanian serta efek komposisi produk, distribusi pasar dan daya saing terhadap ekspor produk pertanian ke kawasan ASEAN dengan menggunakan data sekunder deret waktu dan metode analisis Constant Market Share. Kesimpulan utama hasil analisis ini adalah sebagai berikut : (1) Pertumbuhan ekspor Indonesia ke kawasan ASEAN selama periode 1997-1999 adalah yang tertinggi di antara negara-negara ASEAN, bahkan lebih tinggi daripada pertumbuhan ekspor dunia ke kawasan yang sama, sedangkan pada periode 1999-2001 menurun dan lebih rendah dibanding Thailand, Filipina dan dunia; (2)
Rice and unhusked rice marketing systems are highly correlated with farmers' income. The paper discusses rice and unhusked rice marketing patterns in Indonesia and observes the function of each channel in details. Food marketing system is affected by the government policy, but how the government intervenes in a market is still debatable. Types and targets of the government's intervention in market mechanism are different between the developing and developed countries. Currently the consumers' preference changes from purchasing rice as a commodity to rice as a product. It should satisfy the following criteria, namely containing certain nutrients, low glucose content, and organic product. The consumers' preference change results in rice marketing patterns, which are segmented into income groups. At farm level, however, unhusked rice and rice marketing patterns do not change significantly. The paper describes marketing patterns in three regions in Indonesia during the controlled price (New Order) period and free market era. Rice policy in the country is highly correlated with Bulog. Thus, role of and results achieved by Bulog are presented. Key words : unhusked rice, rice, marketing, government's role ABSTRAKSistem pemasaran gabah dan beras memiliki keterkaitan yang cukup erat dengan tingkat pendapatan petani. Makalah ini mengkaji tentang pola pemasaran gabah dan beras di Indonesia untuk melihat secara lebih mendalam fungsi dari masing-masing tingkatan perdagangan gabah dan beras. Sistem pemasaran pangan tidak terlepas dari peranan pemerintah, namun bagaimana peranan pemerintah dalam suatu pasar seharusnya masih menjadi polemik. Bentuk dan sasaran intervensi pemerintah dalam mekanisme pasar tersebut bervariasi antara negara maju dengan negara berkembang. Dewasa ini mulai terjadi perubahan preferensi konsumen yang tidak lagi sekedar membeli beras sebagai komoditas, namun mulai bergeser ke arah beras yang dipandang sebagai produk, yakni yang mengandung nutrisi tertentu, kandungan glukosa yang rendah dan proses produksi yang tidak menggunakan bahan kimia. Perubahan preferensi konsumen tersebut berdampak terhadap pola pemasaran beras yang tersegmentasi menurut kelas-kelas pendapatan konsumen. Berkaitan dengan pola pemasaran gabah dan beras, hingga saat ini pola pemasaran gabah dan beras di tingkat petani tidak mengalami perubahan yang berarti. Untuk membuktikan hal tersebut, maka diuraikan perkembangan pola pemasaran di tiga daerah di Indonesia pada periode harga terkendali (Orde Baru) dan periode pasar bebas. Kebijakan perberasan di Indonesia juga sangat terkait dengan Bulog, sehingga peranan dan hasil-hasil yang telah dicapai oleh Bulog relevan untuk disajikan. Kata kunci : gabah, beras, pemasaran, peranan pemerintah PENDAHULUANSecara umum pendapatan yang diterima petani belum memadai dibanding dengan jerih payah yang telah dikeluarkannya ditambah dengan risiko kegagalan panen. Tingkat pendapatan yang diterima petani bergantung pada berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas lahan. Beberapa indikator men...
<strong>English</strong><br />There are three major problems encountered by Indonesia in relation with sugar agribusiness. First, the declining sugar productivity, due among others to low on farm technology adoption and sugar factory efficiency. Second, the increasing sugar resulted from among others; the international prices of sugar that do not represent the true production efficiency because it is sold below its production cost; ad-hoc border measure policies; and many illegal sugar imports. Third, the unstable domestic prices of sugar because of inefficient distribution system. To overcome these problems, the future sugar industry development needs to be formulated into short-run development program (3 years), medium-run development program (10 years) and long-run development program (20 years). The short-run development program aims to rehabilitate the sugar factories in Java Island to enable them to produce crystal sugar with “cost of good sold” being competitive with the international prices of sugar. The medium-run development program aims to develop the sugar factories outside Java through utilizing dry land’s formerly allocated to transmigration now being no longer competitive for food crops development. The long-run development program aims to switch the ownership of sugar factory from the state enterprise to sugar cane farmers, and development of sugar cane based industry, such as ethanol, alcohol, etc. Moreover, it is also necessary to revitalize research and development activities through providing more sufficient funds.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Ada tiga permasalahan utama yang dihadapi Indonesia berkaitan dengan agribisnis pergulaan. Pertama, produktivitas gula yang cenderung terus turun yang disebabkan antara lain karena penerapan teknologi on farm dan efisiensi pabrik gula yang rendah. Kedua, impor gula yang semakin meningkat. Hal ini disebabkan antara lain, karena harga gula di pasar internasional tidak menggambarkan tingkat efisiensi produksi yang sebenarnya, karena dijual di bawah ongkos produksinya; kebijakan border measure yang sifatnya ad-hoc; dan banyaknya impor gula illegal. Ketiga, harga gula di pasar domestik tidak stabil yang disebabkan oleh sistem distribusi yang kurang efisien. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, maka pengembangan industri gula di masa yang akan datang perlu disusun dalam Program Jangka Pendek (3 tahun), Program Jangka Menengah (10 tahun) dan Program Jangka Panjang (20 tahun). Program jangka pendek ditujukan untuk melakukan rehabilitasi PG di Jawa, sehingga mampu menghasilkan gula hablur dengan harga pokok yang dapat bersaing dengan harga gula di pasar internasional. Program jangka menengah ditujukan untuk pengembangan PG di Luar Jawa, dengan memanfaatkan lahan kering eks transmigrasi yang kurang kompetitif bagi pengembangan tanaman pangan. Program jangka panjang ditujukan untuk pengalihan pemilikan PG BUMN kepada petani tebu, serta pengembangan industri berbasis tebu, seperti ethanol, alkohol, dan lain-lain. Selain itu, perlu juga dilakukan revitalisasi kegiatan research and development, dengan memberikan dukungan dana yang lebih memadai.
Indonesia is one of the cocoa producing countries, where most of it is exported to foreign countries and the rest is marketed domestically. Indonesia cocoa export performance in the world market certainly opens up many opportunities. It is necessary to optimize the potency and competitiveness of its cocoa if Indonesia would make the cocoa exports as the driving of national economy. The objectives of this paper are to (1) analyze Indonesian cocoa performance in the global market compared to its competitors and (2) analyze the competitiveness and market position of Indonesian cocoa in global market and analyze the potency to develop market in 10 main trading partners. The data analysis methods used are the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Specialization Index (TSI) and Export Product Dynamics (EDP). The result shows that the comparative competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans and processed cocoa is lower than that of other producing countries. However, Indonesia still has the potency to develop market for its cocoa products in several countries such as the United States, China, India, Canada, Mexico and Estonia. Some efforts to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans may be through the replanting for estates rejuvenation and the improvement of fermentation to improve the quality of cocoa beans. In addition, to enhance the export performance of cocoa base products in general, it is necessary to also improve the development of downstream line and processing industries.
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