Recent discoveries that high prolificacy in sheep carrying the Booroola gene (FecB) is the result of a mutation in the BMPIB receptor and high prolificacy in Inverdale sheep (FecX(I)) is the result of a mutation in the BMP15 oocyte-derived growth factor gene have allowed direct marker tests to be developed for FecB and FecX(I). These tests were carried out in seven strains of sheep (Javanese, Thoka, Woodlands, Olkuska, Lacaune, Belclare, and Cambridge) in which inheritance patterns have suggested the presence of major genes affecting prolificacy and in the prolific Garole sheep of India, which have been proposed as the ancestor of Australian Booroola Merinos. The FecB mutation was found in the Garole and Javanese sheep but not in Thoka, Woodlands, Olkuska, Lacaune, Belclare, and Cambridge sheep. None of the sheep tested had the FecX(I) mutation. These findings present strong evidence to support historical records that the Booroola gene was introduced into Australian flocks from Garole (Bengal) sheep in the late 18th century. It is unknown whether Javanese Thin-tailed sheep acquired the Booroola gene directly from Garole sheep from India or via Merinos from Australia. The DNA mutation test for FecB will enable breeding plans to be developed that allow the most effective use of this gene in Garole and Javanese Thin-tailed sheep and their crosses.

Hindsight forecastings of the occurrence time of the eruption are performed by applying the Materials Failure Forecast Method (FFM). They use cumulative RSAM calculated either on the raw records or on signals classified according to their dominant frequency. Stable estimations are obtained during the last 6 days with fluctuations as small as ± 4 hours around the time of the first explosion. This approach could thus be useful to support decision making in the case of future explosive episodes at Merapi assuming that similar precursory processes will occur.

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This research was carried out to make a difference and to predict genetic distance some sheep that are genetically related to each other based on the body size measurements. Nineteen bodies size of 323 sheeps of five sheep breeds; namely Barbados Black Belly Cross (BC), Garut Local (GL), Garut Composite (GC), Sumatra Composite (SC) and St. Croix Cross (SCC) were measured. Analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis, Mahalanobis distance, plotting canonical and dendogram were performed using PROC GLM, PROC CANDISC, PROC CLUSTER and PROC TREE of SAS software ver. 9.0. Index Length, Width Slope, Depth Slope, Balance and Cumulative Index of GC sheep were significantly higher than the four other breeds. Canonical discriminant analysis successfully could differentiate among the five sheep breeds. All five breed were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of SCC, SC and BC; and the second group consisted of the GL and GC. The results of genetic distance estimation showed that the SCC had a value of sheep genetic distance closest to SC (10.83) and BC (27.98), while GL had the closest distance to GC (66.60). The tail width, horn base circumference, horn length (canonical 1) and variable length of the tail and body length (canonical 2) were the breed differentiation variable in this study.

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ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari keragaman genetik populasi domba di Indonesia menggunakan penciri DNA mikrosatelit. Sebanyak 18 lokus DNA mikrosatelit digunakan untuk menentukan genotipe populasi domba Indonesia. Sampel darah domba yang digunakan sebanyak 200 ekor berasal dari populasi domba garut tipe tangkas, domba garut tipe daging, domba purbalingga, domba batur dan domba jember diektraksi DNA total dengan menggunakan metode salting out. Data lokus DNA mikrosatelit dianalisis menggunakan program POPGENE 3.2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diperoleh sebanyak 180 alel dari 17 lokus DNA mikrosatelit, sedangkan rataan jumlah alel adalah 10 alel (6 sampai 18 alel) dari lima populasi domba Indonesia (domba garut tipe tangkas, domba garut tipe daging, domba purbalingga, domba batur dan domba jember). Nilai heterosigositas observasi (Ho) dan heterosigostas harapan (He) diperoleh masing-masing 0,5749 dan 0,6896, sedangkan nilai genetik diferensiasi untuk inbreeding antar populasi (FIS), dalam populasi (FIT) dan rataan diferensiasi genetik (FST) masing-masing 0,1006; 0,1647 dan 0,0712. Jarak genetik dan pohon genetik menunjukkan bahwa populasi domba Indonesia berbeda antara populasi domba garut tipe tangkas, domba garut tipe daging, domba purbalingga, domba batur dan domba jember. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa diperlukan strategi program pemuliaan, pelestarian dan pemanfaatan secara berkelanjutan pada setiap populasi domba di Indonesia. Kata-kata kunci: domba Indonesia, penciri DNA mikrosatelit, keragaman genetik ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research was to study genetic diversity in Indonesian sheep population using microsatellite markers. A total of 18 microsatellite loci have been used for genotyping Indonesian sheep. Total sheep blood 200 samples were extracted from garut sheep of fighting and meat types, purbalingga sheep, batur sheep and jember sheep populations by using a salting out method. Microsatellite loci data were analyzed using POPGENE 3.2 software. Based on this study obtained 180 alleles from 17 microsatellite loci, while average number of alleles was 6.10 alleles (6 to 18 alleles) from five Indonesian sheep populations (garut sheep of fighting type, garut sheep of meat type, purbalingga sheep, batur sheep and jember sheep population). The average of observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) values were 0.5749 and 0.6896, respectively, while the genetic differentiation for inbreeding among population (FIS), within population (FIT) and average genetic differentiation (FST) were 0.1006, 0.1647 and 0.0712, respectively. Genetic distance and genetic tree showed that Indonesian sheep population was distinct from garut sheep of fighting and meat types, purbalingga sheep, batur sheep and jember sheep population. Based on this results were needed a strategy for conservation and breeding programs in each Indonesian sheep population.

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