Running title: Bali cattle breeding: state of the art ContentsBali cattle still represents 27% of the total cattle population in Indonesia, and it is considered the pillar breed for small farmers. Moreover, it is a breed of evolutionary importance regarding its direct ancestry from Banteng. However, there is a need for the establishment of a rational system for the evaluation of breeding soundness for indigenous Bali bulls to be used as sires for artificial insemination breeding programmes. Moreover, there is a need for cryobanking of well identified genetic resources pertaining their use in evolutionary research and application as essential germplasm in breeding programmes.Key words: livestock rearing, banteng, bali cattle, breeding, Indonesia. IntroductionCattle production in Indonesia is generally based on indigenous and imported breeds, the first named usually extensively managed on natural pasture. Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus, Bos javanicus, Bos/Bibos banteng), a domesticated descendant of the wild Banteng (Bibos banteng) represents about 27% of the total cattle population in Indonesia (about 11 million heads in 2004). Bali cattle is the most preferred in the small holding system, due to their rusticity, fertility and low calf mortality and breeding programmes have slowly been built in the country using artificial insemination (AI) with frozen-thawed semen from, largely, phenotypically-selected bull sires. Owing to the randomized application of expansion programmes, and the presence of ill-explored remnants of Banteng colonies in national parks, there is no detailed knowledge of the genetic complexity and purity of these individual species, a pre-requisite when cryobanking of genetic resources and/or their application in breeding programmes is to be attempted. BantengBanteng (Order: Artiodactyla, Family: Bovidae, Subfamily: Bovinae, Genus: Bos, Subgenus: Bibos), an endangered asian wild cattle, is most likely the ancestor to the domestic cattle of Southeast Asia (Nowak, 1991). Banteng is a sexually-dimorphic species, with mature males Swedish Links Indonesia Symposia 2010-2011-ChapterKM-GA-2011 2 being dark chestnut brown and cows and juveniles reddish brown. Both sexes have white rump patches and leggings, carry horns, the latter being much more heavier and larger in males. Adult male Bantengs weigh between 600 and 800 kg, while adult females range 590-670 kg. Their average lifespan in the wild is 11 years, although they can live to 20-25 years of age. It is very common for captive banteng to live into their late teens or mid-twenties. The world population of Banteng is considered to range 5-8,000 heads (2000 IUCN Red Data List) being located in Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, India, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Java and Bali), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam (see map) (Wilson and Reeder, 1993) The known subpopulations in the wild are small (5-6 stable subgroups in Java, having more than 50 Banteng/group) and decreasing in most countries (illegal hunting and ha...

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This research was carried out to make a difference and to predict genetic distance some sheep that are genetically related to each other based on the body size measurements. Nineteen bodies size of 323 sheeps of five sheep breeds; namely Barbados Black Belly Cross (BC), Garut Local (GL), Garut Composite (GC), Sumatra Composite (SC) and St. Croix Cross (SCC) were measured. Analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis, Mahalanobis distance, plotting canonical and dendogram were performed using PROC GLM, PROC CANDISC, PROC CLUSTER and PROC TREE of SAS software ver. 9.0. Index Length, Width Slope, Depth Slope, Balance and Cumulative Index of GC sheep were significantly higher than the four other breeds. Canonical discriminant analysis successfully could differentiate among the five sheep breeds. All five breed were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of SCC, SC and BC; and the second group consisted of the GL and GC. The results of genetic distance estimation showed that the SCC had a value of sheep genetic distance closest to SC (10.83) and BC (27.98), while GL had the closest distance to GC (66.60). The tail width, horn base circumference, horn length (canonical 1) and variable length of the tail and body length (canonical 2) were the breed differentiation variable in this study.

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Hematological responses in chicken with different HSP 70 genotypes to acute heat stress were studied using 28 kampong chickens, 24 Arabic chickens and 4 commercial chickens. The experimental chickens were selected randomly from a group of chickens with HSP 70 genotypes identified and were exposed to ambient temperature (40°C) for 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 h. Results showed that erythrocyte, hematocrit and leukocyte in all chicken lines decreased in response to acute heat stress with the highest decrease in commercial chickens, followed by Arabic and kampong chickens. Regardless of acute heat stress exposure, there was no significant difference in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, leukocyte, heterophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio in all chicken lines studied. Arabic and commercial chickens had lower hematocrit as compared to kampong chickens. However, acute heat stress increased the percentage of heterophil, basophil, lymphocyte and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio without affecting eosinophil and monocyte. It was found that there was no interaction between lines of chicken and acute heatstress exposure on the hematological parameters measured. The lowest percentage of lymphocytes was found in chickens with DD HSP 70 genotype while the highest was found in chickens with AD genotype. The results indicated that there was a relationship of heat resistance or tolerance to lymphocyte expression. Chickens that were the most tolerant to acute heat stress had the highest lymphocyte percentage (AD genotype) whereas those that were the least tolerant had the lowest lymphocyte percentage (DD genotype).

This study estimates the additive and non-additive variances for egg production and body weight traits of two lines of quails from a long-term selection with the help of the REML method. For the body weight of 42-day-old females (BW42f) and males (BW42m), a total of 7,934 records for line 1 and 7,214 records for line 2 from 21 generations were used in our analyses. Additionally, 1,717 records of females from line 1 and 1,671 records of females from line 2 contained information on their egg production at an age of 42 to 200 days (EN200), on the average egg weight for the first 11 weeks of their laying season (EW1), on the average egg weight from weeks 12 to 23 (EW2), and on their body weight at an age of 200 days (BW200f). A multivariate additive animal model and one-trait dominance models, which include the inbreeding coefficients as covariates, were fitted to the data. The estimates of the heritability gained from our dominance models were smaller than those from the additive model. For line 1, the heritability values decreased for EN200 from 0.35 to 0.32, for EW1 from 0.66 to 0.56, for BW200f from 0.42 to 0.38, and for BW200m from 0.51 to 0.49, respectively. For the first line, the respective ratio (d 2 ) of the dominance variance to the phenotypic variance for EN200, EW1, BW200f and BW200m was 0.08, 0.22, 0.09 and 0.21, and the values for the second line were 0.12, 0.06, 0.001 and 0.23.

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengkarakterisasi ukuran-ukuran tubuh (morfometrik) dan jarak genetik antara enam populasi kambing lokal Indonesia. Analisis morfometrik dan kanonikal dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan dan ukuran tubuh yang dominan untuk menentukan pengelompokan pada kambing Benggala (n=96), Marica (n=60), Jawarandu (n=94), Kacang (n=217), Muara (n=30), dan Samosir (n=42). Analisis diskriminan digunakan untuk mengelompokkan parameter bobot badan dan ukuran-ukuran tubuh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bobot badan dan ukuran-ukuran tubuh (panjang badan, tinggi pundak, lebar dada, tinggi pundak, lingkar dada, tinggi dan lebar tengkorak, panjang dan lebar ekor, panjang dan lebar telinga) pada kambing Muara lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dibandingkan dengan populasi kambing lainnya, dan paling rendah pada kambing Marica. Jarak genetik paling dekat terdapat pada kambing Marica dan Samosir (11,207) dan paling jauh pada kambing Muara dan Benggala (255,110). Tingkat kesamaan paling tinggi antar individu dalam populasi dijumpai pada kambing Kacang (99,28%) dan paling rendah pada kambing Samosir (82,50%). Analisis kanonikal menunjukkan bahwa ukuran tubuh paling dominan sebagai pembeda antar enam populasi kambing lokal yang diamati antara lain: lingkar kanon, ukuran tubuh, lebar tengkorak, tinggi tengkorak, dan lebar ekor. Hasil analisis jarak mahalonobis pohon fenogram dan kanonikal menunjukkan bahwa enam populasi masing-masing berdiri sendiri, sehingga dibedakan menjadi enam rumpun, yaitu rumpun kambing Muara, Jawarandu, Kacang, Benggala, Samosir, dan Marica. Tingkat keragaman bobot badan dan panjang badan sangat tinggi, sehingga peluang peningkatan produksi dapat dilakukan melalui program persilangan dan seleksi.

SummaryA candidate gene analysis of the microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) gene was used in an attempt to identify the genetic basis for a white‐spotted coat color phenotype in the Asian swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabanensis). Ninety‐three buffaloes—32 solid, 38 spotted and 23 white individuals—were Sanger‐sequenced for all MITF exons as well as highly conserved intronic and flanking regions. MITF cDNA representing skin and iris tissue from six spotted, nine solid and one white buffaloes was also Sanger‐sequenced to confirm detected mutations. Two independent loss‐of‐function mutations, a premature stop codon (c.328C>T, p.Arg110*) and a donor splice‐site mutation (c.840+2T>A, p.Glu281_Leu282Ins8), both of which cause white‐spotted coat color in swamp buffaloes, were identified. The nonsense mutation leads to a premature stop codon in exon 3, and likely removal of the resulting mRNA via nonsense‐mediated decay pathway, whereas the donor splice‐site mutation leads to aberrant splicing of exon 8 that encodes part of a highly conserved region of MITF. The resulting insertion of eight amino acid residues is expected to perturb the leucine zipper part in the basic helix‐loop‐helix leucine zipper (bHLH‐Zip) domain and will most likely influence dimerization and DNA binding capacity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed using mutant and wild‐type MITF proteins and showed that the mutant MITF protein resulting from the splice‐site mutation decreased in vitro DNA binding capacity compared to wild‐type MITF. White‐spotted buffalo bulls are sacrificed in funeral ceremonies in Tana Toraja, Indonesia, because they are considered holy, and our results show that genetic variation causes a tie to the cultural use of these buffaloes.