52% Yes, a signiicant crisis 3% No, there is no crisis 7% Don't know 38% Yes, a slight crisis 38% Yes, a slight crisis 1,576 RESEARCHERS SURVEYED M ore than 70% of researchers have tried and failed to reproduce another scientist's experiments, and more than half have failed to reproduce their own experiments. Those are some of the telling figures that emerged from Nature's survey of 1,576 researchers who took a brief online questionnaire on reproducibility in research. The data reveal sometimes-contradictory attitudes towards reproduc-ibility. Although 52% of those surveyed agree that there is a significant 'crisis' of reproducibility, less than 31% think that failure to reproduce published results means that the result is probably wrong, and most say that they still trust the published literature. Data on how much of the scientific literature is reproducible are rare and generally bleak. The best-known analyses, from psychology 1 and cancer biology 2 , found rates of around 40% and 10%, respectively. Our survey respondents were more optimistic: 73% said that they think that at least half of the papers in their field can be trusted, with physicists and chemists generally showing the most confidence. The results capture a confusing snapshot of attitudes around these issues, says Arturo Casadevall, a microbiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland. "At the current time there is no consensus on what reproducibility is or should be. " But just recognizing that is a step forward, he says. "The next step may be identifying what is the problem and to get a consensus. "

The reason for the increased risk for development of osteoarthritis (OA) after acute joint trauma is not well understood, but the mechanically injured cartilage may be more susceptible to degradative mediators secreted by other tissues in the joint. To establish a model for such interactions, we coincubated bovine cartilage tissue explants together with normal joint capsule and found a profound (~70%) reduction in cartilage proteoglycan biosynthesis. This reduction is due to release by the joint capsule of a heat-labile and nontoxic factor. Surprisingly, while cultured synovium is a canonical source of IL-1, blockade by either soluble IL-1 receptor (sIL-1r) or IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) had no effect. Combined blockade of IL-1 and TNF-alpha also had no effect. To support the clinical relevance of the findings, we harvested joint capsule from post-mortem human knees. Human joint capsule from normal adult knee also released a substance that caused a ~40% decrease in cartilage proteoglycan biosynthesis. Furthermore, this inhibition was not affected by IL-1 blockade with either sIL-1r or IL-1RA. These results suggest that joint capsule tissue from a normal knee joint can release an uncharacterized cytokine that potently inhibits cartilage biosynthetic activity by an IL-1 and TNFindependent pathway.

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The effect of increasing parity was seen solely on point Aa in women with symptomatic prolapse. Age affected all vaginal compartments, while BMI had no impact on POP-Q data points.