Objectives Elderly individuals with diabetes should maintain a normal body mass index (BMI) to help control their blood glucose levels. This study investigated barriers to physical activity (PA), self-efficacy to overcome those barriers, and PA self-efficacy among elderly individuals with diabetes in relation to BMI. Methods This cross-sectional study included 56 participants. Data were collected by a questionnaire interview and direct measurements for anthropometric data. PA self-efficacy was measured using 8 questions describing different levels of PA, where participants rated the strength of their belief that they could engage in that activity. Self-efficacy to overcome barriers was measured using 10 questions capturing participants’ confidence in their ability to engage in PA despite different possible barriers. Mean scores for these parameters were analyzed using the chi-square test and the independent t -test. Results In total, 89.3% of participants had a low PA level and 58.9% had more than 3 hours of sedentary activity per day. Furthermore, 55.4% were obese and 14.3% were overweight. The mean scores for PA self-efficacy and self-efficacy to overcome barriers were 59.1± 26.4 and 52.5±13.8, respectively. PA level was related to BMI ( p <0.001; r =0.116) and sedentary activity ( p <0.05; r =0.274). PA self-efficacy and age were not related to BMI. Barriers to PA were associated with PA levels ( p <0.05). Conclusions Physical inactivity was a major problem in elderly individuals with diabetes, and was correlated with higher BMI. Lower levels of PA might be mediated by sedentary activity.

Diabetes in older adults has shown an increase in prevalence, especially in urban areas of Indonesia. This study aimed to assess the relationship between self-efficacy in physical activity and glycemic control in older adults' population with diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. This research used cross sectional design that involved 52 adults with diabetes, aged between 55-90 years old who regularly attended the older adult's health post (Posyandu Lansia) at Jagir Sub-district, Surabaya. Those who had physical disabilities were excluded from the study. Questionnaires were used to measure the physical activity and two types of self-efficacy whilst the glycemic control was measured using HbA1c in basal condition. The relationship between the variables was tested using Pearson and partial correlation test. Results show that the level of physical activity was insufficient (216.4 ± 343.5 MET) with only 32.7% (N = 17) of the participants was categorized as being physically active. The mean of the HbA1c indicated poor glycaemic control (8.63 ± 2.34%) with majority of them (76.9%, N = 40) was in the poor glycaemic control group (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%). Their self-efficacy was at the average level (Against the barriers:52.65 ± 13.23; Engage in physical activity: 59.06 ± 26.2). The self-efficacy in performing the physical activity was found significantly related to the duration of physical activity (r = 0.278, p = 0.046). Other relationships, however, were not significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, self-efficacy to engage in physical activity is paramount to increase the physical activity among the older adults. Nevertheless, further longitudinal research on self-efficacy in physical activity management is needed.

Background. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K), the essential nutrients, have vital role in promoting cellular growth including growth and development of children. Excessive Na intake and inadequate K consumption, which consequently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, have been reported. Spot electrolyte urine was highly correlated and validated with gold standard to estimate electrolyte dietary intake. This study aimed at predicting sodium and potassium intake using morning spot urine among Indonesian schoolchildren. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 155 healthy elementary students aged 9–12 years. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for Na, K, and creatinine. Predicted 24 h Na and K excretions were compared to the Indonesian recommendation dietary allowances. The Na and K contribution from school food was reported by observing directly and the dietary recall method. Results. A total of 80 boys and 75 girls recruited as samples in this study demonstrated that their estimated urinary Na and K were 105.42 ± 66.05 mmol/day and 16.39 ± 12.57 mmol/day, respectively. Na intake was on average higher than recommended; meanwhile, almost all subjects showed very low compliance of K intake recommendation. Furthermore, food intake at school contributed to those conditions. Na and K content of school food contributed 33% and 29% of the daily intake of each nutrient and contributed 125% and 25% higher than the Na and K school standard, respectively. Conclusions. Indonesian schoolchildren aged 9–12 years are categorized by excessive Na intake and very deficient K intake. The present study highlights the need for policies in the environmental school setting to reduce Na intake and K intake.

Background The Government of Indonesia is determined to follow global commitments to reduce the neonatal mortality rate. Yet, there is a paucity of information on contributing factors and causes of neonatal deaths, particularly at the sub-national level. This study describes care-seeking during neonates’ fatal illnesses and their causes of death. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional community-based study to identify all neonatal deaths in Serang and Jember Districts, Indonesia. Follow-up interviews were conducted with the families of deceased neonates using an adapted verbal and social autopsy instrument. Cause of death was determined using the InSilicoVA algorithm. Results The main causes of death of 259 neonates were prematurity (44%) and intrapartum-related events (IPRE)-mainly birth asphyxia (39%). About 83% and 74% of the 259 neonates were born and died at a health facility, respectively; 79% died within the first week after birth. Of 70 neonates whose fatal illness began at home, 59 (84%) sought care during the fatal illness. Forty-eight of those 59 neonates went to a formal care provider; 36 of those 48 neonates (75%) were moderately or severely ill when the family decided to seek care. One hundred fifteen of 189 neonates (61%) whose fatal illnesses began at health facilities were born at a hospital. Among those 115, only 24 (21%) left the hospital alive–of whom 16 (67%) were referred by the hospital. Conclusions The high proportion of deaths due to prematurity and IPRE suggests the need for improved management of small and asphyxiated newborns. The moderate to severe condition of neonates at the time when care was sought from home highlights the importance of early illness recognition and appropriate management for sick neonates. Among deceased neonates whose fatal illness began at their delivery hospital, the high proportion of referrals may indicate issues with hospital capability, capacity, and/or cost.

Increasing potassium and reducing sodium intake have been identified as a priority intervention to reduce non-communicable diseases. A low sodium high potassium (LSHP) healthy diet can be a predictor of overall dietary quality and is associated with higher diet costs. The present study was a randomised controlled-feeding trial, formulating menus of low sodium and potassium-rich healthy diet and comparing with usual diet (a control diet based on typical Indonesian diet) to assess the association of potassium intake in the menus with other nutritional contents and diet cost. Totally seventy menus, which consisted of LSHP diets and the usual diets for a 7-d cycle, were composed from the analysis of the Indonesian food composition database. The correlation coefficient of the potassium content of all menus with nutritional quality and diet cost was analysed using the Pearson test. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the most important nutrient in determining diet cost. A comparison of nutrition quality and diet cost from the two menus was analysed using the independent t-test. LSHP diet had significantly higher carbohydrate, protein, fibre, magnesium, calcium, vitamin C, potassium density and diet cost but lower total fat, saturated fat and energy density than the usual diet (P < 0⋅05). Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between fibre, potassium and diet cost (coefficient correlation of >0⋅8). Potassium is a nutrient that is closely related to diet quality although the cost of the diet often may inhibit its intake. A targeted and effective strategy is required to provide affordable food for achieving a sustainable nutrient-rich diet.

ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Underweight masih menjadi salah satu masalah gizi di Indonesia. Balita merupakan kelompok usia yang rentan mengalami masalah gizi khususnya underweight. Salah satu penyebab langsung terjadinya underweight adalah asupan zat gizi. Asupan zat gizi makro (energi, protein, lemak dan karbohidrat) dan zat gizi mikro seperti zink dan zat besi yang rendah dapat menyebabkan pemanfaatan zat gizi didalam tubuh tidak optimal sehingga menyebabkan masalah gizi dan rentan mengalami penyakit infeksi.Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan asupan energi, protein, lemak, karbohidrat, zink dan fe dengan underweight pada ibu dan balita.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi case control dengan jumlah sampel 30 ibu dan 30 balita yang tinggal di wilayah Desa Suwari Bawean Gresik. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terkait karakteristik keluarga, karakteristik ibu dan balita, form food recall 3x24 jam, form frequency questionere, form keragaman pangan, dan pengukuran antropometri seperti berat badan dan tinggi badan. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi square.Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan ibu dan balita underweight 50% dan ibu dan balita dengan status gizi normal 50%. Sebagian besar ibu memiliki tingkat asupan energi, lemak, karbohidrat, zink dan zat besi yang kurang, sedangkan sebagian besar balita memiliki tingkat asupan karbohidrat dan zink yang kurang. Terdapat hubungan antara asupan zink dengan underweight pada ibu (p=0,031) dan juga terdapat hubungan antara zat besi dengan underweight pada balita (p=0,032).Kesimpulan: Ibu dan balita dengan status gizi underweight memiliki tingkat kecukupan asupan energi, lemak, karbohidrat, zink dan zat besi lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan ibu dengan status gizi baik. Perlu meningkatkan asupan bahan makanan sumber energi, lemak, karbohidrat, zink dan zat besi pada ibu dan meningkatkan asupan bahan makanan sumber karbohidrat dan zink pada balita serta konsumsi makanan bervariasi agar masalah gizi underweight tidak memburuk.

Background: Moderate hypertriglyceridemia is almost certainly an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Pectin is a kind of soluble fiber that can be used to decrease triglyceride level and it  can be found in fruits such as persimmon. Objective: This research intens to prove the effect of soluble fiber of persimmon flour to decrease triglyceride level. Methods: The search used Post Only Control Group design. Normal diet, atherogenic diet, and atherogenic diet with various amount of dried persimmons were given to 30 subjects, male wistar rats, for 12 weeks. 1.2 g, 2.4 g, and 3.6 g persimmon flour were used as the given amount for every groups. Results: There were significant differences between atherogenic diet group and the other groups of research (p-value<0.001). Compared to normal diet group, atherogenic diet with 1.2 g and 2.4 g persimmon flour resulted unsignificant differences of triglycerides level. But, atherogenic diet with 3,6 g dried persimmon group was different significantly to normal diet groups (p-value=0.036). Both dose of persimmon flour and fat intake affect elevation of tryglyceride level up to 62.5%. Conclusion: The contribution of persimmon flour (Diospyros Kaki L. var Junggo) in inhibitation of the increase of triglyceride serum level on male wistar rats.  The most effective dose is 1.2 g, because the result of the trigliceride level was closest to normal and energy intake was not affected. ABSTRAK Latar belakang : Hipertrigliseridemia kadar sedang hampir pasti merupakan faktor risiko tersendiri untuk penyakit kardiovaskular. Pektin merupakan jenis serat larut air memiliki efek menurunkan trigliserida dan banyak terdapat dalam buah-buahan, salah satunya buah kesemek.Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efek serat larut air pada tepung kesemek dalam menurunkan kadar trigliserida.Metode : Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Post Test Only Control Group. Diet normal, diet aterogenik, diet aterogenik + kesemek dengan berbagai jumlah diberikan kepada 30 subyek penelitian, yaitu tikus wistar jantan selama 12 minggu. 1,2 g, 2,4 g, dan 3,6 g tepung kesemek digunakan sebagai intervensi untuk kelompok perlakuan.Hasil : terdapat perbedaan kadar trigliserida yang signifikan antara kelompok diet aterogenik dengan kelompok perlakuan lainnya (p=0,000). Bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok diet normal, perlakuan dengan pemberian tepung kesemek 1,2 g dan 2,4 g menghasilkan kadar trigliserida yang tidak berbeda signifikan, namun jumlah pemberian tepung kesemek 3,6 g berbeda nyata dengan diet normal (p=0,036). Pemberian tepung kesemek dan asupan lemak bersama-sama mempengaruhi pembentukan trigliserida dengan kontribusi sebesar 62,5%.Kesimpulan : Tepung kesemek (Diospyros Kaki L. Var. Junggo) terbukti dapat menghambat peningkatan kadar trigliserida serum pada tikus wistar jantan yang diberi diet aterogenik. Jumlah yang dinilai paling efektif menurunkan trigliserida adalah sebesar 1,2 g, karena pada jumlah tersebut, kadar trigliserida yang dihasilkan paling mendekati normal dan tidak mempengaruhi asupan energi.

The development in industrialization and human activities causing public health problems related to the safety of fish consumed in areas where industrialization is taking place especially in Surabaya city. One of the concerns on food safety especially in fish is the contamination of mercury. This study aimed to measure and identify the mercury contamination in fish especially in freshwater and saltwater fish and to assess the mercury contamination knowledge level among fish sellers in Kenjeran Beach area, Surabaya. A number of 36 sellers from eight traditional markets located near Kenjeran Beach area were randomly selected and 72 fish were taken to the laboratory to assess the mercury concentration. The sellers were given a questionnaire to assess their knowledge of mercury pollution in fish. The result showed that 55.5% of saltwater fish were contaminated with mercury (mean=0.00686 ppm). The mean score of questionnaires was 7.69 out of 19. There was no significant association between the questionnaire score and fish’s mercury concentration. This study highlights the association between sellers buying fish from Kenjeran Beach and fish’s mercury contamination. The increased risk of contamination from food can occur due to the low awareness among citizens and food sellers. Therefore, direct and indirect strategies to empower people who live near Kenjeran Beach Area to choose low mercury concentrated fish are needed.