Stunting is an accumulative process of inadequacy number of nutrients in a long period of time. The purpose of this research was to analyse the difference of nutrients adequacy and the history of exclusive breastfeeding between stunting and non stunting toddler. This cross sectional research was done in 113 toddler who is categorized to 27 stunting toddler and 86 non stunting toddler at Kejawan Putih Tambak village, Surabaya. The number of sample was calculated with proportional sampling. To compare the nutrients adequacy and the history of exclusive breastfeeding,Chi-square test and Exact Fisher were used, to compare amount of intake, Independent T-test and Odds Ratio were calculated. As a result, there was a difference in energy, protein, zinc and iron consumption, and there was also a difference in history of exclusive breastfeeding between stunting and non-stunting toddler (p = 0.000), Non stunting toddler have a higher intake of energy, protein, zinc, and iron than stunting toddler. Toddler with non exclusive breastfeeding have a higher risk to be stunting than toddler with exclusive breastfeeding, and toddler who have inadequate energy, protein, zinc, and iron intake have a higher risk to be stunting than toddler with adequate energy, protein, zinc and iron intake (non-exclusive breastfeeding = 16.5 times, inadequate energy = 4.84 times, inadequateprotein = 3.4 times, inadequate zinc = 3.72 times, inadequate iron = 2.36 times). Advice that can be given is that mother should increase food intake of toddler, especially food that contain protein, zinc, and iron and mother should give also more attention to the exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding which is suitable with the toddler’s age.Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, toddler, stunting, nutrient adequacy

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for hypertension (HT) are age, high sodium (Na) intake, and low potassium (K) intake, as well as the geographical location of a region such us coastal area. Calculation of the sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio was more∼strongly associated with blood pressure (BP) than either Na or K alone. Dietary recalls and urine analyses are the most feasible methods for estimating electrolyte intake. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the association between both urinary and dietary (Na/K) ratio and BP among older women residing at urban coastal in Indonesia. METHODS:The cross-sectional study involved 51 older women aged ≥45 y post menopause in urban coastal dwellers. A single 24-h urine collection and food recall 2 × 24 h were used to assess sodium and potassium intake. RESULTS: Of the 51 subjects mean age 56.98 ± 5.7 years completed the study, 37.3% of subjects were classified as hypertensive. The mean of urinary and dietary Na/K ratio were 5.28 ± 1.68 and 1.12 ± 0.74 respectively. Urinary Na/K ratio was independently associated with systolic BP (SBP), meanwhile, the association between dietary Na/K ratio and both SBP and diastolic BP (DBP) showed significant correlation only in the unadjusted model. CONCLUSION: Na/K ratio is a useful marker for estimating SBP and assessing populations at high risk for HT. The slightly low Na and substantially low K intake might cause the Na/K ratio become high enough to induce HT. Since the prevalence of HT is high enough, studies in this field may provide clues for the further understanding of its causes and get effectively ways to decrease Na/K ratio in urban coastal dwellers.

Background : Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the main causes of high rates of mobility and mortality in infants in developing countries in the world. In 2015 the death rate from respiratory problems was 920,136 people, the most common in South Asia and Africa. Purpose : This study aims to analyze the relationship between the physical condition of the house and the smoking behavior of family members with the incidence of ARI in infants in Sidotopo, Surabaya. Methods: This research was an observational analytic study using cross sectional design. The sample size uses simple random sampling technique where all existing data and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria have the same opportunity to be selected as samples. This study used chi square statistical test to determine the relationship between the physical condition of the house and the incidence of ARI Results: There is a relationship between lighting (PR = 3.35; p-value = 0.01), ventilation (PR = 5.75; p-value = 0.01), kitchen smoke holes (PR = 4.05 ; p-value = 0.01), roof of the house (PR = 3.07; p-value = 0.02), smoking behavior (PR = 5.63; p-value = 0.01) with ARI incidence and not there was a relationship between the wall of the house (PR = 0.64; p-value = 0.68) with the incidence of ARI. Conclusion: There was an relationship between the physical conditions of the house (lighting, ventilation, kitchen smoke holes, roofs of houses) and smoking with incidence of ARI in infants at Sidotopo Village.

Background: Food snacks might contain a hazard for consumption, because health problems can be caused by food snacks. Based on SIKer of BPOM showed that 29 incident of food poisoning found in January-March 2014. That incident caused by consuming 5 food snacks. Food snacks are the kind of food being sold in pavement, roadside, station, market, residential area and the site of its kind.Objective: This research was to know the description of food snack from the aspect of food safety in Pasar Besar Malang.Methods:This research was an observational research using descriptive analysis. Samples were taken using the non-probability sampling with the method of purposive sampling, by involving food hawkers at the Pasar Besar Malang. The number of samples consists of 20 vendors. The data collected by the method ofinterview, observation and laboratory test.Results: The results showed all vendors i.e. 20 people were freed from respiratory disease, 17 people (85%) did not wear aprons and headgear when selling, most of the traders 17 people (85%) did not smoking, all food vendor did not get used to scratch the body near the food and all the vendors have to wear gear in serving food, neat and clean clothes, and provide decent sweeties. All vendors did not get used to wash hands. The study found there are 17 vendors who serve food snack did not use a sealed container. Results of microbiologi test showed that the food did not find E.coli in categorizedfood samples. Most of the total samples of the food snack (84%) were categorized as safe food.Conclusion: The study concludes that the hygiene of food handler especially in wearing the apron and hand-washing habits needs to be improved. The way how food to be served needs to be improved, i.e. the necessity to use a sealed container for food snacks. Food safety of packaging snacks is quite good because it has met the minimum requirement as safe foods because not found of E. Coli microbiologic. Vendor should be suggested to wear aprons and must maintain the cleanliness of the hand at the time of selling to avoid contamination at food snacks.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Konsumsi makanan dapat berbahaya bagi kesehatan, karena makanan dapat menjadi sumber penularan maupun penyebab dari masalah kesehatan. Sentra Informasi Keracunan (SIKer) Nasional Badan POM (2014) menunjukkan bahwa kejadian keracunan akibat pangan pada bulan Januari-Maret 2014 terdapat 29 insiden. Sebanyak 5 insiden keracunan akibat mengkonsumsi pangan jajanan. Makanan jajanan merupakan makanan yang dijual di kios kaki lima, pinggiran jalan, di tempat umum, tempat pemukiman serta lokasi lain sejenis.Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran makanan jajanan dari aspek keamanan makanan di Pasar Besar Kota Malang.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif berupa observasi, wawancara dan uji laboratorium. Sampel diambil dengan metode purposive sampling, sebanyak 20 pedagang makanan jajanan di Pasar Besar Kota Malang.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua pedagang yaitu 20 tidak membiasakan menggaruk badan dekat makanan dan semua pedagang telah memakai perlengkapan dalam menyajikan makanan, menggunakan pakaian yang bersih atau layak pakai, dan membawa alat pembersih keringat. Semua pedagang masih belum membiasakan cuci tangan. Terdapat 15 pedagang yang menyajikan jajanan tidak menggunakan wadah tertutup. Hasil uji mikrobiologi E. Coli, tidak ditemukan E. Coli pada semua sampel makanan yang diperiksa.Kesimpulan: hygiene dari penjual perlu diperbaiki, khususnya memakai celemek dan cuci tangan. Keamanan makanan jajanan sudah baik karena tidak ditemukan mikrobiologi bakteri E. Coli. Pedagang sebaiknya mengupayakan untuk selalu memakai celemek dan harus menjaga kebersihan tangan.

Exclusive breastfeeding is one effort made to suppress infant mortality rate. The failure of exclusive breastfeeding practices is closely related to the behavior of breastfeeding. Social culture brings about traditions and beliefs that are often used as guidelines for behavior in the community. Belief has formed into a thing that is beliefed and will be the basis for a person to behave. Tradition is obtained through generations and become individual habits. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and belief and tradition. This is an analytic research with cross sectional approach. Random sampling technique was used. The population was all breastfeeding mothers who had babies aged 6-12months. The sample obtained were 57 respondents. The variables studied were breast feeding mothers' beliefs and traditions on exclusive breastfeeding. Beliefs about giving complimentary foods to infants and the breastfeeding-related traditions in the community were associated with the implementation of exclusive breastfeeding. Data analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between belief (p value = 0,045) and tradition (p value = 0,019) with exclusive breastfeeding in RW XI of Kelurahan Sidotopo. In conclusion, there is a relationship between belief and tradition in society with practice of exclusive breastfeeding. It is recommended that all sectors address belief and traditions in the effort to support exclusive breastfeeding programs.ABSTRAK ASI eksklusif adalah salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk menekan angka kematian bayi. Kegagalan praktik pemberian ASI eksklusif sangat erat kaitannya dengan perilaku ibu menyusui. Sosial budaya membawa tradisi dan kepercayaan yang seringkali dijadikan pedoman berperilaku di masyarakat. Kepercayaan telah terbentuk menjadi hal yang dipercaya dan akan menjadi dasar seseorang untuk berperilaku. Tradisi diperoleh dari generasi ke generasi dan menjadi sebuah kebiasaan individu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan kepercayaan dan tradisi terhadap pemberian ASI eksklusif. Ini adalah penelitian analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik sampling yang digunakan yaitu sistem random sampling, dengan populasi adalah pada ibu menyusui yang memiliki bayi umur 6-12bulan. Besar sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 57responden. Variabel yang diteliti adalah kepercayaan dan tradisi ibu menyusui terhadap pemberian ASI eksklusif. Kepercayaan tentang memberi makanan lain pada bayi dan tradisi terkait menyusui dikaitkan dengan dengan pelaksanaan pemberian ASI eksklusif. Analisis data menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kepercayaan (p value=0,045) dan tradisi (p value=0,019) dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif di RW XI kelurahan Sidotopo. Kesimpulan diketahui ada hubungan antara kepercayaan dan tradisi di masyarakat dengan pelaksanaan pemberian ASI eksklusif. Diharapkan bahwa seluruh sektor dapat mengatasi masalah terkait kepercayaan dan tradisi dalam upaya mendukung pelaksanaan program ASI eksklusif.

Background: Hypertension and vitamin D deficiency are prevalent among the elderly. This study evaluated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and blood pressure (BP) in the elderly (age > 60 years). Methods: Randomized controlled trials from electronic databases on the elderly taking oral vitamin D, until the end of March 2019, were selected. Two reviewers independently screened the literature on the basis of specific inclusion criteria. The primary outcomes were serum 25(OH)D level, systolic BP (SBP), and diastolic BP (DBP) changes. Results: Our analysis revealed significant differences in serum 25(OH)D concentrations changes between the vitamin D and control groups (mean difference [MD] = 13.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.21–17.47; P < 0.000). There were no significant differences in SBP and DBP changes between the vitamin D and control groups. Subgroup analysis revealed significant differences in SBP changes between the hypertensive and vitamin D-deficient subgroups (MD = –4.01; 95% CI = –7.45 to –0.57; P = 0.02 and MD = –1.91; 95% CI = –3.48 to –0.34; P = 0.02, respectively), and DBP changes only in the hypertensive subgroup (MD = –2.22; 95% CI = –4.1 to –0.34; P = 0.02). Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation significantly increases 25(OH)D concentrations and seems beneficial in lowering BP, specifically in the elderly with elevated BP and vitamin D deficiency.

A geographical location such as coastal area is known as risk factor hypertension relating to high exposure of salty foods. Public health access had significant effect on reducing salt intake at the community level. This study assesses salt intake in older women resident at urban coastal in Indonesia participating in the public health program. This was a cross-sectional study involving older women (56.98 ± 5.7 years) resident at urban coastal in Kenjeran, Surabaya, Indonesia. Salt intake was calculated and estimated based on 24-h urinary sodium. The mean daily salt intake was 6.16 ± 3.48 g/d; only 11.8% of subjects consumed salt intake <3 g/day. However, majority of subjects (62.8%) consume salt <6 g/d. Awareness and participation were associated significantly with low salt intake. A significant association between participation, awareness, and salt intake may suggest that participating regularly in the public health program might cause our subjects controlled excessive salt intake by limiting their salt consumption. Since daily salt intake is still significant high and hypertension is still prevalence, comprehensive strategies to reduce salt should be considered in development of sodium-reduction initiatives in this region.

Background. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K), the essential nutrients, have vital role in promoting cellular growth including growth and development of children. Excessive Na intake and inadequate K consumption, which consequently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, have been reported. Spot electrolyte urine was highly correlated and validated with gold standard to estimate electrolyte dietary intake. This study aimed at predicting sodium and potassium intake using morning spot urine among Indonesian schoolchildren. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 155 healthy elementary students aged 9–12 years. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for Na, K, and creatinine. Predicted 24 h Na and K excretions were compared to the Indonesian recommendation dietary allowances. The Na and K contribution from school food was reported by observing directly and the dietary recall method. Results. A total of 80 boys and 75 girls recruited as samples in this study demonstrated that their estimated urinary Na and K were 105.42 ± 66.05 mmol/day and 16.39 ± 12.57 mmol/day, respectively. Na intake was on average higher than recommended; meanwhile, almost all subjects showed very low compliance of K intake recommendation. Furthermore, food intake at school contributed to those conditions. Na and K content of school food contributed 33% and 29% of the daily intake of each nutrient and contributed 125% and 25% higher than the Na and K school standard, respectively. Conclusions. Indonesian schoolchildren aged 9–12 years are categorized by excessive Na intake and very deficient K intake. The present study highlights the need for policies in the environmental school setting to reduce Na intake and K intake.