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Nanotechnology has a profound influence on environmental research, infrastructure, energy, food standards, information technology, and medicine. In biomedicine, nanotechnology primarily aims to provide solutions for preventive care, diagnosis, and therapy. Biosensors have significantly revolutionized the medical sector by offering on-site diagnostic capabilities. Since 1962, the combination of biosensors with nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to therapeutics and tissue engineering. Biosensors are diagnostic devices that monitor biochemical interactions and translate them into measurable electrical, optical, or mechanical signals. The tissue-engineered technology has gained popularity in the postmodern era to confront the shortcomings of biomedical applications, graft rejection, challenges in the recuperation of functional tissue, and specificities in the tissue regeneration site. The multitude of techniques for evaluating cell counts, growth, metabolic activity, and viability across the scaffolding of regenerated organs is reportedly labor-intensive and time-consuming. Biosensors have been rapidly advancing and influencing the field of tissue engineering in the last several decades. Recent developments in nanomedicine and biomaterial science have enabled them to overcome long-standing challenges. Biosensors used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), unlike the other biological systems, must comply with the requirements mentioned above: (i) biocompatible, causing no or little response to foreign materials; (ii) non-invasive while probing the whole three-dimensional structure for targeted biomarkers; and (iii) should offer long-term monitoring (days to weeks). This chapter offers a comprehensive set of biosensors as well as their implementations in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This chapter reviews current breakthroughs in nanobiosensors, their implementations in tissue engineering, and their promise for diagnostic purposes.

Over the past few decades, various bioactive material-based scaffolds were investigated and researchers across the globe are actively involved in establishing a potential state-of-the-art for bone tissue engineering applications, wherein several disciplines like clinical medicine, materials science, and biotechnology are involved. The present review article’s main aim is to focus on repairing and restoring bone tissue defects by enhancing the bioactivity of fabricated bone tissue scaffolds and providing a suitable microenvironment for the bone cells to fasten the healing process. It deals with the various surface modification strategies and smart composite materials development that are involved in the treatment of bone tissue defects. Orthopaedic researchers and clinicians constantly focus on developing strategies that can naturally imitate not only the bone tissue architecture but also its functional properties to modulate cellular behaviour to facilitate bridging, callus formation and osteogenesis at critical bone defects. This review summarizes the currently available polymeric composite matrices and the methods to improve their bioactivity for bone tissue regeneration effectively.

A biosensor is a device that detects the presence of analytes with its biological receptor entity, having unique specificities corresponding to their analytes. Most of these analytes are usually physical in nature, such as DNA, proteins, antibodies, and antigens, but they may also be simple compounds, including glucose, H2O2, toxins, and so on. Biosensors’ significance rises in providing real-time quantitative and qualitative information on analyte composition. The sensing mechanism involves the transduction of target binding interactions into optical, electrochemical signals, etc ., which can be amplified and detected. Nanomaterials (NMs) have shown significant potential in biological sensing-these allow close interactions with target biomolecules due to their extremely small size and suitable surface modifications. Nanomaterials appear to be potential possibilities because of their capacity to immobilize a greater number of bioreceptor units in confined devices and even act as a transduction element, allowing for enhanced sensitivity and reduced detection limits down to specific molecules. Nanomaterials have been widely used for in vitro detection of disease-related molecular biomarkers and imaging, contrasts to map out the distribution of biomarkers in vivo. This chapter summarizes nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and graphene nanostructured materials that are currently being researched or utilized as biosensors.