Nanotechnology has become one of the most rapid, innovative, and adaptable sciences in modern science and cancer therapy. Traditional chemotherapy has limits owing to its non-specific nature and adverse side effects on healthy cells, and it remains a serious worldwide health issue. Because of their capacity to specifically target cancer cells and deliver therapeutic chemicals directly to them, nanoparticles have emerged as a viable strategy for cancer therapies. Nanomaterials disclose novel properties based on size, distribution, and shape. Biosynthesized or biogenic nanoparticles are a novel technique with anti-cancer capabilities, such as triggering apoptosis in cancer cells and slowing tumour growth. They may be configured to deliver medications or other therapies to specific cancer cells or tumour markers. Despite their potential, biosynthesized nanoparticles confront development obstacles such as a lack of standardisation in their synthesis and characterization, the possibility of toxicity, and their efficiency against various forms of cancer. The effectiveness and safety of biosynthesized nanoparticles must be further investigated, as well as the types of cancer they are most successful against. This review discusses the promise of biosynthesized nanoparticles as a novel approach for cancer therapeutics, as well as their mode of action and present barriers to their development.
Nanotechnology has a profound influence on environmental research, infrastructure, energy, food standards, information technology, and medicine. In biomedicine, nanotechnology primarily aims to provide solutions for preventive care, diagnosis, and therapy. Biosensors have significantly revolutionized the medical sector by offering on-site diagnostic capabilities. Since 1962, the combination of biosensors with nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to therapeutics and tissue engineering. Biosensors are diagnostic devices that monitor biochemical interactions and translate them into measurable electrical, optical, or mechanical signals. The tissue-engineered technology has gained popularity in the postmodern era to confront the shortcomings of biomedical applications, graft rejection, challenges in the recuperation of functional tissue, and specificities in the tissue regeneration site. The multitude of techniques for evaluating cell counts, growth, metabolic activity, and viability across the scaffolding of regenerated organs is reportedly labor-intensive and time-consuming. Biosensors have been rapidly advancing and influencing the field of tissue engineering in the last several decades. Recent developments in nanomedicine and biomaterial science have enabled them to overcome long-standing challenges. Biosensors used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), unlike the other biological systems, must comply with the requirements mentioned above: (i) biocompatible, causing no or little response to foreign materials; (ii) non-invasive while probing the whole three-dimensional structure for targeted biomarkers; and (iii) should offer long-term monitoring (days to weeks). This chapter offers a comprehensive set of biosensors as well as their implementations in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This chapter reviews current breakthroughs in nanobiosensors, their implementations in tissue engineering, and their promise for diagnostic purposes.
A biosensor is a device that detects the presence of analytes with its biological receptor entity, having unique specificities corresponding to their analytes. Most of these analytes are usually physical in nature, such as DNA, proteins, antibodies, and antigens, but they may also be simple compounds, including glucose, H2O2, toxins, and so on. Biosensors’ significance rises in providing real-time quantitative and qualitative information on analyte composition. The sensing mechanism involves the transduction of target binding interactions into optical, electrochemical signals, etc ., which can be amplified and detected. Nanomaterials (NMs) have shown significant potential in biological sensing-these allow close interactions with target biomolecules due to their extremely small size and suitable surface modifications. Nanomaterials appear to be potential possibilities because of their capacity to immobilize a greater number of bioreceptor units in confined devices and even act as a transduction element, allowing for enhanced sensitivity and reduced detection limits down to specific molecules. Nanomaterials have been widely used for in vitro detection of disease-related molecular biomarkers and imaging, contrasts to map out the distribution of biomarkers in vivo. This chapter summarizes nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and graphene nanostructured materials that are currently being researched or utilized as biosensors.
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