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les membres du réseau NosoMed RÉSUMÉ Une étude multicentrique a été menée dans 27 hôpitaux en Algérie, en Égypte, en Italie, au Maroc et en Tunisie afin d'évaluer la prévalence et les caractéristiques des infections nosocomiales. La population de l'étude (4634 patients) était relativement jeune avec une moyenne d'âge de 41,1 ans (écart type [ET] 23,4). La prévalence des infections nosocomiales était de 10,5 % ; celle-ci était plus élevée dans les centres non universitaires et dans les hôpitaux de taille moyenne. Globalement, les infections urinaires étaient les plus fréquentes. Les services de pédiatrie ont enregistré une prévalence particulièrement élevée (11,3 %). Les germes les plus fréquemment isolés étaient Escherichia coli (17,2 %), Staphylococcus aureus (12,5 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Klebsiella pneumoniae (9,2 % chacun). Le jour de l'enquête, 40,7 % des patients étaient sous traitement antibiotique, dont presque la moitié avec une indication empirique. La survenue d'une infection nosocomiale était significativement associée à la ventilation mécanique, un délai de séjour supérieur ou égal à 8 jours, la présence d'un cathéter central ou périphérique, une sonde urinaire, au diabète, et à l'âge.

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Due to the absence of easily accessible animal models for the study of hepatitis B virus (HBV), the possibility of using Macaca sylvanus, a monkey originating from Morocco, North Africa, was investigated. Three monkeys were intrahepatically inoculated with a replication-competent head-to-tail HBV DNA plasmid dimer construct. The HBV surface antigen and HBV DNA were detected prior to alanine aminotransferase elevation in the serum of two of three HBV-inoculated monkeys at day 2 post-transfection and persisted for several weeks. This indicates that transfected animals developed markers of HBV infection. In addition, electron microscopy of the serum 3 weeks post-transfection showed the presence of virus particles whose shape and size were similar to complete 42 nm HBV Dane particles. Histological examination of liver tissues also revealed pathological changes not observed in uninfected controls, which strongly suggested acute hepatitis. HBV DNA was also detected by PCR in these monkey livers. Taken together, these results indicate that HBV can successfully replicate in this model and that M. sylvanus could be a potentially useful new primate model for the study of HBV replication.In spite of the availability of an effective vaccine, infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a worldwide public health problem, with 400 million chronic HBV carriers. Every year, nearly 1 million individuals succumb to HBV-associated liver disease, especially cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

To determine the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes circulating in Morocco, virus isolates from 105 chronically infected and 19 hemodialysis patients were examined using the line probe assay. Genotypes 1 and 2 only were found among Moroccan patients. Subtypes 1b (47.6%) and 2a/2c (37.1%) were the most common, whereas subtype 1a (2.8%) was less common. Among the hemodialysis patients, only genotype 1 was found with a prevalence of 68.4% for subtype 1b and 15.8% for the subtype 1a. It was also shown that the HCV genotypes distribution varies with age in both studied populations. Subtype 1b was most prevalent among older patients, whereas subtype 2a/2c was mainly found among younger ones. Although Morocco belongs to the African continent, the circulating HCV strains are similar to those observed in some American and European countries.

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