Background:During the recent decades research has focused to find scientific evidence for the effects of herbal medicines. Researchers are interested in herbal remedies for medication and aim to substitute herbal material instead of chemical formula with limited side effects for human being.Objectives:The aim of the current study was to compare the in vitro effect of herbal and chemical mouthwashes against Candida albicans.Materials and Methods:In this research, we used a standard strain of C. albicans, PTCC 5027. The suspension was made by a fresh culture of C. albicans (24 hours) and the optical density (turbidity equating to a McFarland standard of 0.5) was read at 530 nm. The C. albicans suspension was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. Next, two wells were filled with mouthwashes and after incubation at 30ºC for 24 hours, the inhibition zone was measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of mouthwashes were determined. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software, independent T-tests and one-sided variance analysis (ANOVA-one way).Results:Based on these findings on agar diffusion with (P = 0.764), MIC and MFC tests (P = 0.879), there were no significant differences between the antifungal effect of herbal and chemical mouthwashes.Conclusions:This study showed that, chemical mouthwashes acted better than herbal mouthwashes and among different chemical mouthwashes, Oral B was most effective.
Background and Purpose: Fever is one of the most frequent disease symptoms and a common cause of emergency admissions in infants and children. Considering the alarming nature of fever and pivotal role of mothers in the management of this symptom in children, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of fever management among mothers in Sabzevar city, Iran. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted on 340 mothers with children aged less than 10 years referring to the healthcare centers of Sabzevar city, Iran in 2014. Data were collected using prepared checklists to assess the performance and ability of mothers in the management of fever. Data analysis was performed in SPSS V.20 using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results:In this study, mean score of fever management was 4.65±1.64, and 20.9% of the mothers used antipyretic drugs at the body temperature of 38°C to control the fever of children. In addition, 83.7% of the mothers used antipyretics during the night by waking the children. Our findings were indicative of a significant association between fever management and maternal age (P=0.048), education level (P=0.002), employment status (P<0.001), and referring to community healthcare centers (P<0.001). Conclusion:According to the results of this study, mothers with low education levels required training to promote their performance and conceptions regarding fever in order for the effective management of this common symptom in children.
In this review, the immune activities of the natural adjuvants especially endogenous adjuvants and their mechanisms of action are discussed.
Background: Egg yolk is a rich and accessible source of yolk immunoglobulin (Y immunoglobulin). Presently, polyclonal antibodies from mammalian sources are used for diagnosis. Antibody production from egg yolk gives a higher yield and turnover than that from lab animals, and invasive methods such as phlebotomy and causing stress to the animals are not required. Due to the issues regarding mammalian antibodies, we aimed to evaluate the human anti-IgG polyclonal antibody production conjugated with peroxidase in egg yolk.Methods: Population of laying hens reared in Agriculture/Isfahan University of Technology were used in 2017. After immunizing hen against pure human IgG, specific IgY (yolk immunoglobulin) was purified from the yolk by sedimentation with polyethylene glycol (PEG6000). To assess the molecular weight and activity of the product, SDS-PAGE and ELISA-test were used, respectively.Results: The complete molecular weight of IgY was 180 kDa and the molecular weight of its light and heavy chains were 27 and 67 kDa, respectively.Conclusion: Antihuman IgG IgY had a purity above 90%. The product of this study can be used to measure IgG class antibodies in order to diagnose different diseases.
Up to now, different protein vaccine modalities against human papillomavirus (HPV) have been designed to control cervical cancer. The important issue is to increase their immunogenicity using appropriate adjuvants. Among heat shock proteins (HSPs), glycoprotein 96 (Gp96) and its Nterminal region (NT-gp96) have attracted a specific interest in stimulation of antigen-specific immune responses in vivo. Furthermore, the potency of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and its fragment (Hp91) was reported to enhance the desired immune responses against various disorders. In this study, the recombinant (r) HPV16 E7 and rNT-gp96 proteins were generated in bacterial expression system. Mice were vaccinated three times with E7 antigen mixed with Montanide, Hp91, and NT-gp96 as the adjuvant and their preventive and therapeutic efficiencies were evaluated in a murine tumor model. Mice vaccinated with E7 co-delivered by Hp91 peptide induced higher IgG2a and IFN-γ responses in comparison with E7 co-injected with Montanide and NT-gp96 protein suggesting a strong Th1 cellular immune response. The data showed that vaccination with noncovalent rE7 + rNT-gp96 complex delayed the tumor growth as compared to control groups. Mice immunized with rE7 + Montanide and rE7 + Hp91 protected 100% of mice versus 75% survival in groups vaccinated with rE7 + rNT-gp96 after TC-1 tumor challenge. The percentage of tumor free mice was decreased in group immunized with rE7 + rNT-gp96 in therapeutic experiments (~ 50%). These results demonstrated that Hp91 peptide is a safe and strong adjuvant against rNT-gp96 with the potent anti-tumor effects similar to Montanide adjuvant.
Background & Aims: One of the basic principles of health care is to maintain patient safety. Today, patient safety is a priority for any healthcare system that seeks to ensure and improve the quality of care. Being safe from dangers and injuries when receiving healthcare services is one of the most obvious and fundamental human rights. Despite advances in healthcare, patient safety, and patient-centeredness are still worrying issues around the world. According to the World Health Organization, tens of millions of people die or become disabled annually due to clinical errors or unsafe treatment processes, which is one of the five leading causes of death in the world. Recent reports also show that approximately, 13.5% of hospitalized patients experience at least one adverse event during their hospitalization each year, 44% of which is preventable. The biggest challenge to make the healthcare system safer is changing the culture. Assessing the patient safety culture can provide information on how structures and processes within the system affect patient outcomes. However, the question remains that, given the structure of the existing healthcare system and the fact that in recent years, patient safety has been at the forefront of accreditation of medical centers, has the safety culture been able to find and establish its place in these centers and has the staff of medical centers (especially nurses) paid attention to patient safety culture due to the changes that have taken place in the past years. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare patient safety culture in nurses of Sabzevar Vasei Hospital between 2016 and 2020. Materials & Methods:The present study is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study that was conducted between 2016 and 2020. 123 nurses of Vasei Hospital were selected in 2016 and 124 were selected in 2020 via convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria were having at least 6 months of work experience and consent to participate in the present study, applied in both 2016 and 2020. A two-part questionnaire was used to collect data. In the first part, the demographic information of the samples including age, gender, field and degree, occupation, type of employment, work experience in the hospital, work experience in the recent ward, working hours per week were examined. The second part of the questionnaire included the Persian version of the "Patient Safety Culture Survey" (HSOPSC). The questionnaire was designed by American Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in 2004. In the present study, the questionnaire was given to 10 experts to confirm the validity, and their opinions were applied. The reliability of the questionnaire was investigated in 2016 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was between 0.74-0.81 for safety culture and its various dimensions. This questionnaire has 42 questions designed on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Therefore, each question was assigned a score of 1 to 5. This questionnaire has 12 dimensions including the frequen...
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