Background:During the recent decades research has focused to find scientific evidence for the effects of herbal medicines. Researchers are interested in herbal remedies for medication and aim to substitute herbal material instead of chemical formula with limited side effects for human being.Objectives:The aim of the current study was to compare the in vitro effect of herbal and chemical mouthwashes against Candida albicans.Materials and Methods:In this research, we used a standard strain of C. albicans, PTCC 5027. The suspension was made by a fresh culture of C. albicans (24 hours) and the optical density (turbidity equating to a McFarland standard of 0.5) was read at 530 nm. The C. albicans suspension was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. Next, two wells were filled with mouthwashes and after incubation at 30ºC for 24 hours, the inhibition zone was measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of mouthwashes were determined. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software, independent T-tests and one-sided variance analysis (ANOVA-one way).Results:Based on these findings on agar diffusion with (P = 0.764), MIC and MFC tests (P = 0.879), there were no significant differences between the antifungal effect of herbal and chemical mouthwashes.Conclusions:This study showed that, chemical mouthwashes acted better than herbal mouthwashes and among different chemical mouthwashes, Oral B was most effective.

Background and Purpose: Fever is one of the most frequent disease symptoms and a common cause of emergency admissions in infants and children. Considering the alarming nature of fever and pivotal role of mothers in the management of this symptom in children, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of fever management among mothers in Sabzevar city, Iran. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted on 340 mothers with children aged less than 10 years referring to the healthcare centers of Sabzevar city, Iran in 2014. Data were collected using prepared checklists to assess the performance and ability of mothers in the management of fever. Data analysis was performed in SPSS V.20 using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results:In this study, mean score of fever management was 4.65±1.64, and 20.9% of the mothers used antipyretic drugs at the body temperature of 38°C to control the fever of children. In addition, 83.7% of the mothers used antipyretics during the night by waking the children. Our findings were indicative of a significant association between fever management and maternal age (P=0.048), education level (P=0.002), employment status (P<0.001), and referring to community healthcare centers (P<0.001). Conclusion:According to the results of this study, mothers with low education levels required training to promote their performance and conceptions regarding fever in order for the effective management of this common symptom in children.

In this review, the immune activities of the natural adjuvants especially endogenous adjuvants and their mechanisms of action are discussed.

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Background: Egg yolk is a rich and accessible source of yolk immunoglobulin (Y immunoglobulin). Presently, polyclonal antibodies from mammalian sources are used for diagnosis. Antibody production from egg yolk gives a higher yield and turnover than that from lab animals, and invasive methods such as phlebotomy and causing stress to the animals are not required. Due to the issues regarding mammalian antibodies, we aimed to evaluate the human anti-IgG polyclonal antibody production conjugated with peroxidase in egg yolk.Methods: Population of laying hens reared in Agriculture/Isfahan University of Technology were used in 2017. After immunizing hen against pure human IgG, specific IgY (yolk immunoglobulin) was purified from the yolk by sedimentation with polyethylene glycol (PEG6000). To assess the molecular weight and activity of the product, SDS-PAGE and ELISA-test were used, respectively.Results: The complete molecular weight of IgY was 180 kDa and the molecular weight of its light and heavy chains were 27 and 67 kDa, respectively.Conclusion: Antihuman IgG IgY had a purity above 90%. The product of this study can be used to measure IgG class antibodies in order to diagnose different diseases.

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BACKGROUND: E7 is the major transforming protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) that plays important role in maintaining the proliferative state in HPV-infected cells. Furthermore, high mobility group 1 protein (HMGB1) is a highly conserved component of chromatin that can be secreted by macrophages and activated monocytes and thus functions as an infl ammation mediator. METHODS: In the current study, cloning of HMGB1 gene and also HPV16E7-HMGB1 was performed in pEG-FP-N1 eukaryotic expression vector in order to evaluate their expression in mammalian cells. For this purpose, the HEK-293T cells were transfected by pEGFP-E7, pEGFP-HMGB1 and pEGFP-E7-HMGB1 using TurboFect delivery system. The levels of protein expression were assessed by fl ow cytometry and fl uorescent microscopy at 48 hr after transfection, as well as by western blot analysis using anti-GFP polyclonal antibody. RESULTS: Our data showed a clear band of ~ 684 bp and ~ 981 bp related to HMGB1 and E7-HMGB1 genes in agarose gel, respectively. The expression of HMGB1-GFP and E7-HMGB1-GFP proteins was confi rmed for the bands of ~ 53 kDa and ~ 64 kDa in the transfected cells using western blot analysis, respectively. The linkage of HMGB1 gene to E7 could likely neutralize the negative charges of E7, thus a clear band of 64 kDa was detected instead of 76 kDa in western blot analysis. Moreover, the percentage of expression for E7-GFP, HMGB1-GFP and E7-HMGB1-GFP was 76 %, 55 %, and 52 %, in comparison with pEGFP-N1 (~82 %) as a positive control. Indeed, HMGB1 linked to HPV16 E7 gene decreased transfection effi ciency of E7 DNA in HEK-293T cells. CONCLUSION: Generally, the electrophoretic mobility of HPV16 E7 was changed due to the linkage of HMGB1 gene. Furthermore, the fusion protein could be effi ciently expressed in mammalian cells for the next use in immunotherapy (Fig. 3, Ref. 51). Text in PDF www.elis.sk. KEY WORDS: high mobility group box 1, HEK-293T, pEGFP-N1, cell transfection.

Up to now, different protein vaccine modalities against human papillomavirus (HPV) have been designed to control cervical cancer. The important issue is to increase their immunogenicity using appropriate adjuvants. Among heat shock proteins (HSPs), glycoprotein 96 (Gp96) and its Nterminal region (NT-gp96) have attracted a specific interest in stimulation of antigen-specific immune responses in vivo. Furthermore, the potency of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and its fragment (Hp91) was reported to enhance the desired immune responses against various disorders. In this study, the recombinant (r) HPV16 E7 and rNT-gp96 proteins were generated in bacterial expression system. Mice were vaccinated three times with E7 antigen mixed with Montanide, Hp91, and NT-gp96 as the adjuvant and their preventive and therapeutic efficiencies were evaluated in a murine tumor model. Mice vaccinated with E7 co-delivered by Hp91 peptide induced higher IgG2a and IFN-γ responses in comparison with E7 co-injected with Montanide and NT-gp96 protein suggesting a strong Th1 cellular immune response. The data showed that vaccination with noncovalent rE7 + rNT-gp96 complex delayed the tumor growth as compared to control groups. Mice immunized with rE7 + Montanide and rE7 + Hp91 protected 100% of mice versus 75% survival in groups vaccinated with rE7 + rNT-gp96 after TC-1 tumor challenge. The percentage of tumor free mice was decreased in group immunized with rE7 + rNT-gp96 in therapeutic experiments (~ 50%). These results demonstrated that Hp91 peptide is a safe and strong adjuvant against rNT-gp96 with the potent anti-tumor effects similar to Montanide adjuvant.