Present study was conducted to investigate ameliorating effects of Mori Cortex radicis on cognitive impair and neuronal defects in HFD-induced (High Fat Diet-Induced) obese mice. To induce obesity, C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFD for 8 weeks, and then mice were fed the HFD plus Mori Cortex radicis extract (MCR) (100 or 200 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Prior to sacrifice, body weights were measured, and Y-maze test and oral glucose tolerance test were performed. Serum lipid metabolic biomarkers (TG, LDL, and HDL/total cholesterol ratio) and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase), malondialdehyde (MDA), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels were measured in brain tissues. The expressions of proteins related to insulin signaling (p-IRS, PI3K, p-Akt, and GLUT4) and neuronal protection (p-Tau, Bcl-2, and Bax) were examined. MCR suppressed weight gain, improved serum lipid metabolic biomarker and glucose tolerance, inhibited AChE levels and MDA production, and restored antioxidant enzyme levels in brain tissue. In addition, MCR induced neuronal protective effects by inhibiting p-Tau expression and increasing Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which was attributed to insulin-induced increases in the expressions p-IRS, PI3K, p-Akt, and GLUT4. These indicate MCR may reduce HFD-induced insulin dysfunction and neuronal damage and suggest MCR be considered a functional material for the prevention of T2DM-associated neuronal disease.
This study was undertaken to investigate the neuroprotective effect of an ethanolic extract of Mori Cortex radicis (MCR) against high glucose (HG)-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells. Cell cytotoxicity was examined using MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays. To examine the antioxidative effects, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured. The expressions of apoptosis-associated proteins were assessed. MCR was found to increase the viabilities of HG-induced PC12 cells and to inhibit ROS and MDA production and to promote antioxidative enzyme activities. Furthermore, MCR reduced apoptosis by upregulating p-Akt and Bcl-2/Bax ratio and reducing cytochrome c level. The main flavonoids in MCR were identified by HPLC to be kuwanon G and morusin. These results suggest the antioxidative effects of MCR protect against HG-induced oxidative stress and that MCR has potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuro-degeneration.
Background: Excessive consumption of dietary fat is closely related to obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Recently, probiotics have been highly proposed as biotherapeutic to treat and prevent diseases. Previously, there are studies that demonstrated the beneficial effects of probiotics against metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes. Objective: We investigated the anti-obesity effect and mechanism of action of four human-derived lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MG4502, Lactobacillus gasseri MG4524, Limosilactobacillus reuteri MG5149, and Weissella cibaria MG5285) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Design: Obesity was induced in mice over 8 weeks, with a 60% HFD. The four human-derived LAB strains (2 × 108 CFU/mouse) were orally administered to male C57BL/6J mice once daily for 8 weeks. Body weight, liver and adipose tissue (AT) weights, glucose tolerance, and serum biochemistry profiles were determined. After collecting the tissues, histopathological and Western blot analyses were conducted. Results: Administration of these LAB strains resulted in decreased body weight, liver and AT weights, and glucose tolerance. Serum biochemistry profiles, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and leptin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, improved. Hepatic steatosis and TG levels in liver tissue were significantly reduced. In addition, the size of adipocytes in epididymal tissue was significantly reduced. In epididymal tissues, Limosilactobacillus reuteri MG5149 and Weissella cibaria MG5285 groups showed a significantly reduced expression of lipogenic proteins, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and adipocyte-protein 2. In addition, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1-c and its downstream protein FAS in the liver tissue were significantly decreased. These strains attenuated fat accumulation in the liver and AT by upregulating the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in HFD-fed mice. Conclusion: We suggest that L. reuteri MG5149 and W. cibaria MG5285 could be used as potential probiotic candidates to prevent obesity.
To evaluate the value of Cirsium japonicum (CJ; thistle) as a material for functional foods, we studied the functional composition of cultivated CJ and the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of the functional substance. The detected phenolics in farmed CJ were chlorogenic acid (CA), linarin (LIN), and pectolinarin (PLIN) by HPLC analysis. As a result of the antioxidant activity of CJ and its phenolics by DPPH and ABTS method, CA had shown the greatest antioxidant activity. We employed Caenorhabditis elegans to validate that in vitro effects of CA are shown in vivo. CA delayed reduction in pumping rate and progeny production during aging of C. elegans. Under both normal and oxidative stress conditions, CA reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in worms and increased their lifespan. In particular, CA showed the reducing effect of ROS accumulation due to aging in aged worms (8 days old). To gain insight into the mechanism, we used skn-1/Nrf2 and daf-16/FOXO transformed worms. The CA effects (on catalase activity and lifespan extension) in the wild-type (WT) decreased in skn-1 and daf-16 mutants. In particular, CA strongly relied on daf-16 under mild oxidative condition and skn-1 under overall (from mild to strong) oxidative stress to reduce ROS and extend healthspan. Thus, we conclude that CA, a key bioactive phenolic of CJ, reduces ROS production and ultimately extends healthspan, and this effect is the result of actions of daf-16 or skn-1 at different stages depending on the degree of oxidation or aging. Our results suggest that CJ containing CA can be used as an antiaging material due to its antioxidant properties.
Recently, the use of seaweed has attracted significant attention and has resulted in several seaweed-based studies for developing health-promoting foods. Sargassum sp. has been consumed as a part of the diet for centuries, especially in Asian countries, and has been reported to exhibit diverse biological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammation effects. The present study involved the evaluation of the total phenolics content and in vitro antioxidant activities of seaweed using 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of lipid accumulation during the production of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated. The results revealed that Sargassum siliquastrum contained the highest total phenolics content (36.67 mg GAE/g of extract) and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among the 19 Sargassum sp. seaweeds. In terms of the anti-adipogenic activity, the Sargassum nipponium and Sargassum siliquastrum extracts significantly inhibited lipid accumulation (up to 63%) compared to that of the control in 3T3-L1 cells. Additionally, the Sargassum sagamianum extract inhibited NO production (up to 85%) in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Our results provide evidence that Sargassum sp. could be useful for the development of healthy functional foods.
The comparative study evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) leaf extracts from Mandalay and Yangon, Myanmar. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were higher in Sacha inchi extracts from Yangon (97.84 and 89.60 mg/g, respectively) than in those from Mandalay (71.27 and 60.81 mg/g, respectively). Both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and FRAP values were higher in Sacha inchi from Yangon, than Mandalay. A clear zone formed aroundallpaperdiscs placed on a plate coated with pathogenic bacteria indicated antibacterial activity of Sacha inchi extracts. Time-kill curves showed that the growth of all tested strains was inhibited by incubation with Sacha inchi extracts for 24 h. The MIC50 and MIC100 were 6.25-2,000 and 125-5,000 µg/mL for eleven and eight tested strains. All measurement methods showed that the antibacterial activity was superior for Sacha inchi from Yangon compared with Mandalay. The more effective antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Sacha inchi from Yangon were ascribed to the higher abundance of functional phenolics and flavonoids.
It is well known that Epimedium is bioactive genus of Asian pharmacopoeia. Recent studies have attributed most of these functional properties to its flavonoid glycosides, especially icariin which is the major constituent. In this study, we investigated flavonoids glycosides in Epimedium koreanum and icariin, icaritin, icariside□, icariside□, epimedin A‐C have been identified using HPLC‐DAD. After screening the seven identified flavonoid glycosides by 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (DPPH) assay, icariin and icariside□ presented significant effect on radical scavenging activity. We examined the antioxidant effect of Epimedium koreanum extract, icariin and icariside□ using DPPH, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) assay. The results showed Epimedium koreanum extract, icariin and icariside□ have effect on antioxidant peroperty in dose dependant manner. Neuroprotective effect against H2O2–induced cell viability in PC12 cells was analyzed using MTT assay. It revealed that Epimedium koreanum extract, icariin and icariside□ showed cell protective effect dose dependantly. From these outcomes, we could identified that icariside□ has potency of functional effect as natural source for human health and further research needs to be carried on.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No.2016R1A2B4014740)
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