This study mainly concerns with the examination of heat transfer rate, mass and motile micro-organisms for convective second grade nanofluid flow. The considered model comprises of both nanoparticles as well as gyrotactic micro-organisms. Microorganisms stabilize the suspension of nanoparticles by bio-convective flow which is generated by the combined effects of nanoparticles and buoyancy forces. The Brownian motion and thermophoretic mechanisms along with Newtonian heating are also considered. Appropriately modified transformations are invoked to get a non-linear system of differential equations. The resulting problems are solved using a numerical scheme. Velocity field, thermal and solute distributions and motile micro-organism density are discussed graphically. Wall-drag (skin-friction) coefficient, Nusselt, Sherwood and motile micro-organisms are numerically examined for various parameters. The outcomes indicate that for a larger Rayleigh number, the bio-convection restricts the upward movement of nanoparticles that are involved in nanofluid for the given buoyancy effect. Furthermore, larger buoyancy is instigated which certainly opposes the fluid flow and affects the concentration. For a larger values of fluid parameter, the fluid viscosity faces a decline and certainly less restriction is faced by the fluid. In both assisting and opposing cases, we notice a certain rise in fluid motion. Thermal layer receives enhancement for larger values of Brownian diffusion parameter. The random motion for stronger Brownian impact suddenly raises which improves the heat convection and consequently thermal distribution receives enhancement. Thermal distribution receives enhancement for a larger Lewis number whereas the decline is noticed in concentration distribution. The larger Rayleigh number results in a strong buoyancy force that effectively increases the fluid temperature. This also increases the concentration difference, thus more nanoparticles transport between surface and micro-organisms. Furthermore, for larger (Nb), the thermal state of fluid receives enhancement while a decline in motile density is observed. Numerical results show that mass flux is an enhancing function of both the (Le) and (Nb).

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In this paper, we analyzed the accuracy and precision of AprilTag as a visual fiducial marker in detail. We have analyzed error propagation along two horizontal axes along with the effect of angular rotation about the vertical axis. We have identified that the angular rotation of the camera (yaw angle) about its vertical axis is the primary source of error that decreases the precision to the point where the marker system is not potentially viable for sub-decimeter precise tasks. Other factors are the distance and viewing angle of the camera from the AprilTag. Based on these observations, three improvement steps have been proposed. One is the trigonometric correction of the yaw angle to point the camera towards the center of the tag. Second, the use of a custom-built yaw-axis gimbal, which tracks the center of the tag in real-time. Third, we have presented for the first time a pose-indexed probabilistic sensor error model of the AprilTag using a Gaussian Processes based regression of experimental data, validated by particle filter tracking. Our proposed approach, which can be deployed with all three improvement steps, increases the system's overall accuracy and precision by manifolds with a slight trade-off with execution time over commonly available AprilTag library. These proposed improvements make AprilTag suitable to be used as precision localization systems for outdoor and indoor applications. provide adequate accuracy for tasks that demand sub-meter localization accuracies such as robot navigation, obstacle avoidance or structural inspection in confined environments. Some high-end GPS methodologies such as D-GPS and RKT-GPS have an accuracy of 0.1 meters or less but they are quite expensive and are hard to setup. In outdoor environments, the deployment of fiducial marker-based systems are also possible but they have limitations on operating distance and field-of-view.AprilTag is one of the most commonly used fiducial markers that can be used both indoors and outdoors for ground truth generation in 6-DOF, but with limitations [6]. We have precisely identified these limitations and have explained the source of these limitations with statistical error models. The proposed research has established that both distance and orientation of viewing camera from the target tag effects accuracy. However, uncorrected orientation uncertainty is a more significant source of accuracy degradation. AprilTag's accuracy is maximum when the viewing camera is pointed towards the center of the tag. Moreover, in the current implementation of the AprilTag localization system, this source of error is left unaddressed. As a result, the system suffers from a loss of performance, which is rectifiable. The proposed research has filled this gap (only for 2D) via an empirical analysis of the AprilTag system. Furthermore, a data-driven probabilistic sensor model has also been proposed, which works both in indoor and outdoor environments.In this paper, we have proposed techniques to overcome this limitation and to increase the accuracy even f...

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Puberty is a multifaceted complex phenomenon, comprised of a series of events, controlled by hormones and other regulatory factors. It is the transition period between childhood and adolescence with key important changes occurring in physical, biological, cognitive, psychological and social spheres of an individual’s life. These changes are not only important in the personal life of an individual but also affect his/her relationship with others in the society. The interaction between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary is crucial for the onset of puberty. Leptin, secreted by adipocytes, provides the first signal to the hypothalamus that sufficient energy reserves are present to initiate the process of puberty. These signals are followed by a cascade of hormonal changes broadly referred to as adrenarche, gonadarche, and a puberty growth spurt. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge in the hormonal regulation of the events leading to puberty. How to cite this: Aslam S. Endocrine Events Involved in Puberty: A Revisit to Existing Knowledge. Life and Science. 2020; 1(1): 38-50.  doi: https://doi.org/10.37185/L&S.1.1.43

In numerous contexts and environments, it is necessary to identify and assign (potential) experts to subject fields. In the context of an academic journal for computer science (J.UCS), papers and reviewers are classified using the ACM classification scheme. This paper describes a system to identify and present potential reviewers for each category from the entire body of paper's authors. The topical classification hierarchy is visualized as a hyperbolic tree and currently assigned reviewers are listed for a selected node (computer science category). In addition, a spiral visualization is used to overlay a ranked list of further potential reviewers (high-profile authors) around the currently selected category. This new interface eases the task of journal editors in finding and assigning reviewers. The system is also useful for users who want to find research collaborators in specific research areas.

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