HLA-G is a non-classical class I HLA antigen, normally expressed in high levels only on extravillous cytotrophoblast. It has immunosuppressive properties in pregnancy and has also been found to be upregulated on leucocytes in viral infection. In this study, proportions of all leucocyte subsets expressing HLA-G were found to be low in healthy subjects positive or negative for cytomegalovirus (CMV). Significantly greater proportions of CD4+ CD69+ and CD56+ T cells expressed HLA-G compared to other T cells. However, following stimulation with CMV antigens or intact CMV, proportions of CD4+, CD8+, CD69+ and CD56+ T cells, and also B cells expressing HLA-G, were significantly increased in CMV+ subjects. Despite some subjects having alleles of HLA-G associated with high levels of expression, no relationship was found between HLA-G genotype and expression levels. Purified B cells from CMV+ subjects stimulated in mixed culture with CMV antigens showed significantly increased HLA-G mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum levels of soluble HLA-G were similar in CMV- and CMV+ subjects but levels in culture supernatants were significantly higher in cells from CMV+ than from CMV- subjects stimulated with CMV antigens. The HLA-G ligand KIR2DL4 was mainly expressed on NK cells and CD56+ T cells with no differences between CMV+ and CMV- subjects. Following stimulation with IL-2, an increase in the proportion of CD56+ T cells positive for KIR2DL4 was found, together with a significant decrease in CD56dimCD16+ NK cells. The results show that CMV influences HLA-G expression in healthy subjects and may contribute to viral immune evasion.
Numerous studies disclosed the independent role of VDR genetic polymorphisms involved in pathogenesies of various metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes mellitus in different populations, however no any conclusive or even key study conducted on South Asian population especially Pakistani population except on Indian population. Worldwidle, vitamin D defeciency and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two interlated and most common health problems. Such interlationship is involved complex inheritance pattern.The polymorphisms of various genes including vitamin D receptor (VDR) might affect genetic susceptibility of T2DM by developing malfunctioning of beta pancreatic cells or insulin resistance. Genetic architecture of T2DM is different among various ethnic populations. The present review will focus on concept that polymorphism of VDR gene may has role in susceptibilty of onset of T2DM and its pathogenesises.
In conclusion, lipids, glucose, and protein play an essential role in the initiation of AGE's or diabetic complications (Micro and Macrovascular Complications). The importance of the clinical results should also be recognized in the genetic analysis of heterogeneous disorders as NIDDM/ Type II DM.
Green protocols being eco-friendly and cost effective approach are most widely used for the production of iron oxide nanoparticles using plant-mediated extract of Citrus Sinensis, moreoverbiosynthesized iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles shows better antibacterial activity.Green synthesis of nanoparticles has been broadly studied from the past few years because of their different features and potential applications in various fields. The successful biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and Zeta sizer. Antibacterial effect of biologically produced iron oxide nanoparticles was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Macrococus). These results exhibited that iron oxide nanoparticles have high antibacterial potential as these nanoparticles showed significant zone of inhibition against bacteria strains. The proposed green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) from Citrus Sinensis can be strongly recommended as a potential method for industrial application.
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