Black pleural effusion is a rare entity and may be a diagnostic dilemma. This interactive case discusses the various steps involved to reach the diagnosis.
Green protocols being eco-friendly and cost effective approach are most widely used for the production of iron oxide nanoparticles using plant-mediated extract of Citrus Sinensis, moreoverbiosynthesized iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles shows better antibacterial activity.Green synthesis of nanoparticles has been broadly studied from the past few years because of their different features and potential applications in various fields. The successful biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and Zeta sizer. Antibacterial effect of biologically produced iron oxide nanoparticles was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Macrococus). These results exhibited that iron oxide nanoparticles have high antibacterial potential as these nanoparticles showed significant zone of inhibition against bacteria strains. The proposed green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) from Citrus Sinensis can be strongly recommended as a potential method for industrial application.
Purpose: To assess the level of adherence with long-term glaucoma therapy at a tertiary care center,and to correlate the factors associated with non-compliance.
Study design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital (ASTEH), Rawalpindi from October 2018 to February 2019
Methods: Two hundred patients presenting at the glaucoma clinic were recruited. An interview-based questionnaire was used to gather data. The dependent variable, adherence to long-term glaucoma treatment, was determinedand independent variables were;demographic profile, socio-economic variables, ocular and medical history, personal knowledge and understanding about disease and satisfaction level of the patient. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Descriptive analysiswas followed by Inferential Statistics. To determine any association between independent and outcome variables, chi-square test was applied. All inferential statistics were based on a 5% significance value.
Results:A high rate (30%) of non-compliance was found. A significant correlation was present between chief complaints of patients with compliance to medication (p<0.05). Knowledge about disease, education statuswere also found to be correlated with the compliance to glaucoma treatment (p<0.05). However, age and gender had no effect on level of compliance. Eighty two percent knew that glaucoma can lead to blindness which urged them to have regular follow-up.
Conclusion: More than one-fourth of the participants were non-compliant with the glaucoma therapy. Compliance with glaucoma treatment is an important factor for preventing progression of disease. Factors leading to poor compliance can be controlled by good communication between patient and physician.
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