The main aim of the research is to evaluate the innovativeness of Polish municipalities in the field of energy. The study was carried out as a part of the First National Competition for the Most Innovative Local Government in Poland, taking into account the original method of assessing the innovativeness of local governments. From all over Poland, 30 communes participated in the research: 14 urban communes, 8 rural communes, and 8 urban–rural communes. The study analyzes the activities of municipalities in the field of energy-related construction and transport innovations and inventories innovative social campaigns in the area of climate and energy policy implementation. The second part of the article presents a case study of innovations recognized as exemplary. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that 50% of the surveyed local governments are innovative and the remaining are moderately innovative. No commune has been assigned to the non-innovative category. In terms of the type and size of the local government, it has been observed that smaller municipalities, mainly rural local governments, allocate much higher financial resources per capita to the implementation of modern solutions in the field of climate and energy policy implementation. In some cases, commune heads spend several times higher funds per capita than mayors and city presidents. The use of the developed innovation research method in practice may motivate local government authorities to increase innovative activities for energy transformation.
The article contains synthetic characteristics of activities related to the implementation of innovation, and the basic research problem was to present the dynamics of changes in the area of research and development activities, with particular emphasis on the expenditure and expenses for the above-mentioned activities in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. The situation in these countries was related to the conditions in the European Union. In addition, the state of R&D staff and the number of obtained intellectual property rights were analyzed. This allowed us to identify the strengths and weaknesses of national innovation systems and to identify areas to which attention should be paid to improving the innovation indicators of individual countries. Research shows that the most innovative country among the three analyzed is the Czech Republic. Subsequently, Slovakia and Poland proved to be the least innovative country. However, in all countries in the last decade there has been a dynamic growth of individual indicators that are significant when measuring the innovativeness of a given country. Although the Czech Republic is leading the way in innovation, in most cases they differ from the EU average indicators.
The article presents the role of innovation in city logistics, and above all the impact of modern logistics investments on the quality of life of residents. On the example of the proceedings of the local government of the city of Rzeszów, a brief description was made of activities related to innovations in urban logistics of various types: technological, organizational, structural, process and image-related. On the basis of a survey among the inhabitants of Rzeszów and the Rzeszów agglomeration, the impact of innovations in urban logistics was examined, among others on changing the behavior of society, lifestyle, preferences in movement, quality of life, as well as the identification of residents with the city. As a result of the research, it was found that the inhabitants perceive very well all already implemented and being implemented innovations in urban logistics. It was also recognized that modern investments contribute to improving the quality of life, lifestyle, air quality, health and safety. In particular, it can be said that the innovations made it possible, among others, to shortening travel time by public transport, smoothing traffic in congested areas, infrastructure integration of ecological forms of transport operating in the urban and suburban areas, connecting public transport with individual bicycle, pedestrian and car communication, improving the mobility of people with disabilities or people with reduced mobility, energy efficiency of urban transport by investing in transport with alternative propulsion systems, reducing the negative impact on the environment, including reducing noise and vibrations as well as greenhouse gas emissions, mainly CO2.
The subject of research were innovative processes of a technological, organizational, structural, market or sociological nature. The starting material for developing the studied subject was the analysis of the dynamics of changes in expenditure on research and development in the field of transport infrastructure in Poland and the European Union. It has been found that in the last two decades, innovations in passenger transport have been successively implemented in Poland and Europe, the aim of which is to effectively meet the existing needs in the field of passenger transport, and above all to effectively encourage car drivers to use public transport. Introduction of the new solutions in transport is possible due to the growing level of budget expenditure on research and development in the field of transport, telecommunications and other infrastructure. The selected presented innovations in passenger transport effectively improve the quality of travel, increase the efficiency of infrastructure use and contribute to reducing the negative impact of transport on the environment.
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