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Biomarkers are the primary indicators of human health. Measurements traditionally rely on targeted binding and assays, which, in turn, rely on specific “labels” that define the biomarker or molecule of interest. While selective and specific, label‐based approaches limit the range of biomarkers a technology can detect. Technologies that can detect and analyze a broad range of biomarkers offer versatility, especially rapid repurposing for new targets. Optical technologies for label‐free biomarker sensing enable noninvasive, minimal‐contact, and wearable or point‐of‐care rapid diagnostic measurements. Herein, label‐free biomarker detection is reviewed with an emphasis on progress toward miniaturized and noninvasive wearable devices. Compact light‐emitting devices and optical detection technologies are presented, tailored for a large range of biomarkers, including recent advances in battery‐free devices. Label‐free detection is reusable, reagent‐free, and allows continuous long‐term monitoring. The potential for optical technologies for label‐free detection in terms of integration, device design, and future applications is summarized.

Quality of service (QoS) enhancement is one of the prominent research areas in a mobile ad hoc network in which a variety of routing protocols is introduced. However, those routing protocols do not support efficiently, the multiple routes in the network, as congestion occurs owing to multiple routes. Hence, the infrastructure-less and dynamic nature of the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) demands a new set of networking strategies to improve the QoS. In this paper, a priority aware (PA) mechanism is implemented by assigning priority in accordance with their data rates in dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol in order to enhance the QoS for MANET. Five different connections are considered, and the performance parameter of the network such as throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and end-to-end delay (EED) is estimated for the proposed priority aware DSR (PA-DSR) protocol. From the simulation, it is observed that the proposed PA-DSR protocol performs better than the DSR protocol due to its rate cutting mechanism.

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