Angular leaf spot, caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris, is one of the major diseases affecting the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Brazil which can lead to severe yield losses. Previous studies demonstrated that cultivar MAR‐2 was resistant to race 63.39 of P. griseola. The objective of this work was to characterize the resistance to angular leaf spot in MAR‐2 in an F2 population derived from the cross with Ruda (susceptible parent), and also to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the resistance gene. Cultivar MAR‐2 was crossed with Ruda, a “carioca‐type” cultivar susceptible to angular leaf spot, to determine the inheritance of resistance. The results demonstrated that a single dominant gene present in MAR‐2 was responsible for the resistance to P. griseola, race 63.39. Resistant and susceptible DNA bulks from the F2 population were constructed to identify RAPD markers linked to the resistance gene. Amplification with primer OPE‐04 generated a 500‐bp fragment which distinguished the resistant from the susceptible bulk populations. Co‐segregation analysis of the entire population demonstrated that the RAPD marker was linked to the resistance gene at a distance of 5.8 Cm.

A total of 40 endophytic bacterial isolates obtained from banana tree roots were characterized for their biotechnological potential for promoting banana tree growth. All isolates had at least one positive feature. Twenty isolates were likely diazotrophs and formed pellicles in nitrogen-free culture medium, and 67% of these isolates belonged to the genus Bacillus sp. The isolates EB-04, EB-169, EB-64, and EB-144 had N fixation abilities as measured by the Kjeldahl method and by an acetylene reduction activity assay. Among the 40 isolates, 37.5% were capable of solubilizing inorganic phosphate and the isolates EB-47 and EB-64 showed the highest solubilization capacity. The isolate EB-53 (Lysinibacillus sp.) had a high solubilization index, whereas 73% of the isolates had low solubilization indices. The synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the presence of L-tryptophan was detected in 40% of the isolates. The isolate EB-40 (Bacillus sp.) produced the highest amount of IAA (47.88 μg/ml) in medium supplemented with L-tryptophan and was able to synthesize IAA in the absence of L-tryptophan. The isolates EB-126 (Bacillus subtilis) and EB-47 (Bacillus sp.) were able to simultaneously fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphate and produce IAA in vitro. The results of this study demonstrated that the isolates analyzed here had diverse abilities and all have the potential to be used as growth-promoting microbial inoculants for banana trees.

The genetic diversity of endophytic bacteria in banana ‘Prata Anã’ roots was characterized. Two hundred and one endophytic bacteria were isolated, 151 of which were classified as Gram-positive and 50 as Gram-negative. No hypersensitivity response was observed in any of the isolates. The rep-PCR technique generated different molecular profiles for each primer set (REP, ERIC and BOX). Fifty readable loci were obtained and all of the fragments were polymorphic. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) of the isolates based on cleavage with four restriction enzymes yielded 45 polymorphic bands and no monomorphic bands. PCR amplified the nifH gene in 24 isolates. 16S rDNA sequencing of the 201 bacterial isolates yielded 102 high-quality sequences. Sequence analyses revealed that the isolates were distributed among ten bacterial genera (Agrobacterium, Aneurinibacillus, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Lysinibacillus, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Rhizobium and Sporolactobacillus) and included 15 species. The greatest number of isolates belonged to the genus Bacillus. The bacteria identified in this study may be involved in promoting growth, phosphate solubilization, biological control and nitrogen fixation in bananas.

Forty isolates of endophytic bacteria isolated from banana tree roots were assessed as to their capacity to solubilize phosphate in a solid culture medium supplemented with different inorganic and one organic source of phosphorus. The amount of phosphorus (P) in each liquid medium was quantified, and an indirect assessment of acid phosphatase activity was performed. All assays had a fully randomized design, with three repetitions. Approximately 67.5% of the 40 isolates assessed in solid medium solubilized phosphorus from tricalcium phosphate and 7.5% of the isolates solubilized phosphorus from soy lecithin; no isolates exhibited P solubilization capacity in medium supplemented with iron phosphate . Acid phosphatase activity was detected in 65% of the isolates; Aneurinibacillus sp. and Lysinibacillus sp. isolates presented with the best solubilization indexes. All of the assessed isolates exhibited a capacity to reduce the potential of hydrogen in liquid medium supplemented with tricalcium phosphate. Isolate EB. 78 (Bacillus sp.) exhibited P solubilization capacity in solid media when Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 and soy lecithin were used as P sources; this isolate significantly reduced the pH of the liquid medium and exhibited acid phosphatase activity. The results of the present study highlight isolates that exhibit variations in their capacity to solubilize P. These isolates should be used in future tests to assess their field performance.

A banana é uma das frutas tropicais mais consumidas no mundo, respondendo por, aproximadamente, 10% do comércio mundial de frutas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produção de três cultivares de bananeira sob três sistemas de plantio, em dois ciclos de produção, no período compreendido entre março de 2004 e outubro de 2006, em Janaúba, Minas Gerais. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados e duas análises estatísticas: Primeira: 'Prata-Anã' em seis diferentes sistemas de plantio; Segunda: fatorial 2 x 2 + 1, com as variedades Caipira e Thap Maeo, em três diferentes sistemas de plantio, com quatro repetições e seis plantas úteis por parcela. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: altura de planta, circunferência do pseudocaule, número total de folhas, número de folhas vivas na colheita, número de dias do plantio à colheita, massa do cacho, produtividade, número de pencas e número de frutos por cacho. As características avaliadas foram submetidas à análise de variância com desdobramentos das interações significativas, tendo os efeitos dos tratamentos comparados pelo teste de Tukey, a 5 % de probabilidade. A mistura de cultivares e o uso de bordaduras não influenciaram na maioria das características de crescimento, nas três cultivares estudadas. A cultivar Thap Maeo foi superior à 'Caipira' na maioria das características avaliadas, no primeiro e segundo ciclos. Para os sistemas de plantio, foi superior o plantio com uma bordadura. A análise da variedade Prata-Anã dentro dos seis sistemas de plantio apresentou diferença significativa para as características de número de folhas vivas na colheita, no segundo ciclo, número de pencas/cacho e número de frutos/cacho.

Jatropha curcas L. (jatropha) is a species identified for biofuel production because of the high quality of the oil produced by its seeds. However, jatropha is undomesticated and little information is available about its reproductive characteristics. Breeding and genetic improvement programs are much needed for the jatropha development as a bioenergy crop. Information about floral display and mode of reproduction are considered essential for breeding programs. In this study, the total number of female flowers, male to female flower ratio, fruit set, in vitro pollen germination, and the formation of fruits by apomixis, self-pollination, and natural pollination were evaluated in 17 jatropha accessions planted in South Florida. The total number of female flowers per inflorescence and male to female flower ration ranged from 2.8 to 9.1 and 9.9:1 to 55.4 : 1, respectively. During summer 2011, high fruit setting average was observed (75.5%). In vitro pollen germination varied from 64.6% during spring 2011 to 51.6% during fall 2011. The fruit set observed was from 10.1% to 64.0% through natural pollination and apomixes, respectively. Characteristics such as fruit fresh weight, number of seeds per fruit, seed dry weight, and oil content were influenced by mode of reproduction.

A cultura da cagaiteira apresenta perspectivas de expansão no cerrado e no Nordeste brasileiro. Com o presente trabalho teve-se como objetivo avaliar as características de germinação de sementes de cagaiteira de diferentes tamanhos em três tipos de substratos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados em um esquema de parcela subdividida, com fatorial (2 x3), consistindo de dois tamanhos de sementes, grandes (13,5 mm de largura, 15,91 mm de comprimento e 1,41 g de massa) e pequenas (9,94 mm de largura, 12,19 mm de comprimento e 0,68 g de massa) em três tipos de substratos (plugmix; areia, argila e esterco de curral, na proporção v/v 1:1:1; e areia e argila na proporção v/v 1:1). Pelos resultados, observou-se que, independentemente do tamanho da semente e do tipo de substrato, não houve diferenças significativas quanto à porcentagem de emergência, que foi superior a 90%. Nas características de índice de velocidade de emergência, altura e número de folhas, observou-se superioridade para as plantas provenientes de sementes grandes. Em relação aos diferentes tipos de substratos, houve diferenças significativas para as características de altura e número de folhas, indicando a superioridade dos substratos à base de areia e argila.

A mancha-angular, cujo agente causal é o fungo Phaeoisariopsis griseola, é uma das principais doenças do feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris). Os marcadores moleculares disponíveis ainda não são suficientes para monitorar todos os genes de resistência a essa doença. Por isso, objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar a herança da resistência aos patótipos 63.39 e 31.23 de P. griseola, em populações derivadas de 'Ouro Negro' (ON) e 'US Pinto 111' (PT), e identificar marcadores moleculares ligados a genes de resistência presentes nessas cultivares. Quando inoculadas com o patótipo 63.39, as plantas ON, F1 (ON x PT) e 3/4 da população F2 mostraram-se resistentes enquanto que PT e 1/4 da população F2 foram suscetíveis. Quando inoculadas com o patótipo 31.23, as plantas PT e 1/4 das famílias F2:3 foram resistentes e todas as demais, suscetíveis. Esses dados indicam que a resistência proveniente de ON é conferida por um gene dominante enquanto que a de PT, por um recessivo. Esses dois genes segregaram independentemente. Amostras de DNA das plantas F2 foram amplificadas pela técnica de RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) de acordo com a estratégia de análise de bulks segregantes. Foram identificados os marcadores OPM02(460C) e OPAA19(600C,) respectivamente a 5,3 e 10 centimorgans (cM) do loco de resistência proveniente de ON. Eles flanqueiam este loco e, quando empregados simultaneamente, proporcionam uma eficiência de seleção de 97,4%. Não foram identificados marcadores para o loco de resistência proveniente de PT.