Perfil demográfico de idosos da cidade de Joinville, Santa Catarina: estudo de base domiciliar Mastroeni, M.F. et al.

Objective: To provide anthropometric data of elderly people living in the urban area of Joinville, SC. Methodology: Two hundred and eighteen elderly people, aged 60 years or more, of both sexes, not institutionalized and residents in the urban area of Joinville city-SC were analyzed, in the year of 2002. The elderly were gathered according to sex and age group (60-69 years, 70-79 years and 80 and more). The anthropometric variables are presented under the average form, deviation-pattern and percentile (P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90 and P95). Results: From 218 elderly, 130 (59.6%) were women and 88 (40.4%) men. Although the mean values of most investigated variables were proposing a tendency to reduce with the age increase, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean values among the age groups for both sex (p>0.05). When compared by sex, the body mass index, hip circumference and skinfolds mean values of women were significantly higher from the men. These, however, presented the waist circumference mean value significantly higher from the women (p <0.05). Conclusion: Most of the studies accomplished with elderly people in other countries have been investigated this category considering people with 65 years old or more, what makes difficult the comparison with the Brazilian data. In addition to other studies with elderly people in Brazil, the data obtained in this study can contribute for the construction of an anthropometric pattern of the Brazilian elderly population, inexistent in the country so far.

The main predictors for excess birth weight in Brazil are modifiable risk factors. The implementation of adequate nutritional status in the gestational period and even after childbirth appears to be due to the quality and frequency of the follow-up of the mothers and their children by public health agencies.

Breast-feeding for a longer duration has a parallel protective effect on the risk of excess body weight in mother-child pairs two years after birth. Since members of the same family could be influenced by the same risk factors, continued promotion and support of breast-feeding may help to attenuate the rising prevalence of overweight in mother-child pairs.

Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância do tipo de aleitamento no risco de excesso de peso de crianças entre 12-24 meses de idade. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte que incluiu 435 crianças nascidas em 2012 em uma maternidade pública de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Dois anos após o parto, as mães e seus filhos foram contatados nas residências para uma nova coleta de dados. Na análise não ajustada, crianças que não receberam aleitamento materno exclusivo apresentaram maior risco de desenvolver excesso de peso aos dois anos de idade (OR = 1,6; p = 0,049), quando comparadas às crianças amamentadas exclusivamente. Mesmo após o ajuste para diversas covariáveis, o risco das crianças não amamentadas exclusivamente apresentarem excesso de peso aumentou 12% em relação à análise não ajustada (OR = 2,6 vs. OR = 1,8; p = 0,043). Adicionalmente, o peso ao nascer também mostrou ser um determinante independente do risco de excesso de peso (OR = 2,5; p = 0,002). A prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo pode reduzir o risco de excesso de peso em crianças de países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil.

Excess body weight leads to a variety of metabolic changes and increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in adulthood. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of risk markers for CVD among Brazilian adolescents of normal weight and with excess body weight. The markers included blood pressure, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, fibrinogen, fasting insulin and glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), leptin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglycerides. We calculated odds ratios (OR) using logistic regression and adjusted for potential confounders such as age, sex, physical activity, and socioeconomic background. Compared with normal weight subjects, overweight/obese adolescents were more likely to have higher systolic blood pressure (OR = 3.49, p < 0.001), fasting insulin (OR = 8.03, p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (OR = 8.03, p < 0.001), leptin (OR = 5.55, p < 0.001), and LDL-c (OR = 5.50, p < 0.001) and lower serum HDL-c concentrations (OR = 2.76, p = 0.004). After adjustment for confounders, the estimates did not change substantially, except for leptin for which the risk associated with overweight increased to 11.09 (95% CI: 4.05-30.35). In conclusion, excess body weight in adolescents exhibits strong associations with several markers that are established as causes of CVD in adults. This observation stresses the importance of primary prevention and of maintaining a healthy body weight throughout adolescence to reduce the global burden of CVD.

Objective: To identify which anthropometric measurement would be the best predictor of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Brazilian adolescents. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on 222 adolescents (15-17 years) from a city in southern Brazil. Anthropometric, physical activity, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were investigated. MetS criteria were transformed into a continuous variable (MetS score). Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations of BMI, hip circumference, neck circumference (NC), triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold and body fat percentage with MetS score. ROC curves were constructed to determine the cutoff for each anthropometric measurement. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 7.2%. Each anthropometric measurement was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with MetS score. After adjusting for potential confounding variables (age, sex, physical activity, and maternal education), the standardized coefficients of NC and body fat percentage appeared to have the strongest association (beta = 0.69 standard deviation) with MetS score. The regression of BMI provided the best model fit (adjusted R 2 = 0.31). BMI predicted MetS with high sensitivity (100.0%) and specificity (86.4%). Conclusions: Our results suggest that BMI and NC are effective screening tools for MetS in adolescents. The early diagnosis of MetS combined with targeted lifestyle interventions in adolescence may help reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in adulthood.

ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência de alunos que fazem a refeição no domicílio, antes de se deslocarem para a escola, ou que consomem a que é oferecida pela própria escola. Participaram alunos de 1ª a 4ª série da Rede Pública Municipal de Ensino de Canoinhas-SC. A maioria dos alunos investigados foi do sexo masculino (53,6%), de escolas da área urbana (63,8%), e 91,0% declararam fazer a refeição no domicílio, antes de se deslocar à escola. A maioria (95,7%) dos alunos afirmou consumir a refeição oferecida pela escola diariamente no intervalo escolar, mas 77,3% efetivamente a consumiram. O principal motivo para o não consumo da refeição oferecida pela escola foi o fato de trazerem lanche de casa. Os resultados obtidos foram considerados positivos quando comparados a outros estudos realizados no País. No entanto, outras pesquisas devem ser realizadas, incluindo-se, também, as demais séries do ensino fundamental.Palavras-chave: alimentação escolar; ensino fundamental; merenda escolar.