The effect of infrastructure on poverty has been studied many times by researchers, but investigation about the transmission channel of infrastructure's effect on poverty needed more investigation due to more specific policy compiling. The aim of this present study is to investigate the role of basic infrastructure to fight the poverty by depicting the relationship of lenght of road, electricity transmission, clean water distribution, number of health care center, and number of school in particular areas with the poverty rate in Indonesia. This present study uses simple regression method, using panel data from 26 province level for year 2000-2008 in Indonesia. The result of this study reveals that road, electricity transmission, number of health care center, and number of school have an impact on poverty rate through economic growth which is proxied by human development index (HDI), in the other words the relationship between infrastructure and poverty is indirect relationship. Thus, if the Indonesian government is serious about reducing poverty, then the policy should give more emphasis on the poor and provide them with those basic infrastructures; and also have to improve the accessibility of the infrastructures for the poor people although its effect is indirectly.
Konsumsi masyarakat Indonesia terus tumbuh sejalan dengan laju Pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pertumbuhan pengeluaran agregat konsumsi rumah tangga, proxy dari konsumsi, menyumbang porsi yang cukup besar bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pertumbuhan kelas menengah akan berimplikasi pada perubahan pola konsumsi masyarakat kelas menengah yang ke depannya akan menjadi driver perekonomian Indonesia dan akan berpengaruh pada penerimaan PPN dan cukai. Pengenaan PPN dan cukai biasanya cenderung bersifat regressive, sehingga perlu diperhatikan aspek keadilan pada kebijakan PPN dan cukai. Tujuan kajian ini untuk menjawab dan memberikan bukti tentang dinamika pertumbuhan dan pola konsumsi masyarakat kelas menengah, beban PPN per kelas pendapatan masyarakat berdasarkan konsumsinya, serta implikasi terhadap penerimaan perpajakan ke depan. Kajian ini menggunakan data Susenas bulan Juli tahun 2010, Maret 2014 dan Maret 2018 dari BPS. Metode analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk menjelaskan dinamika kelas menengah di Indonesia. Beberapa temuan dalam kajian ini yaitu kelas menengah di Indonesia terus mengalami pertumbuhan, dimana jika sebuah rumah tangga naik kelas menuju kelas menengah akan ditandai dengan perubahan proporsi pengeluarannya. Selain itu, kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara umum beban PPN untuk tiap kelas pendapatan cenderung proporsional atau netral.
Bea masuk merupakan salah satu komponen penerimaan pajak Indonesia yang terkena dampak signifikan akibat COVID-19. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia menyebutkan bahwa bea masuk mengalami kontraksi sebesar 13.5% pada tahun 2020, dan kemudian cenderung mengalami peningkatan pada tahun 2021. Dinamika yang cenderung volatile semacam itu tentu akan berpengaruh terhadap penentuan prioritas anggaran yang dilakukan oleh Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. Namun demikian, studi yang terkait dengan penerimaan bea masuk masih sangat terbatas dan sulit ditemukan. Oleh karena itu, studi ini menganalisa penerimaan bea masuk Indonesia selama periode 2016Q1-2021Q2 dan membuat model peramalan dengan menggunakan data realisasi penerimaan bea masuk bulanan. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa model Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) memiliki performa yang cukup baik untuk meramalkan bea masuk, dengan nilai MAPE pada in sample forecast sebesar 1.57%.
Indonesia is the largest producers of palm oil. Along with the increasing demand for renewable energy source, palm oil will turn to be a very important commodity in the future. The palm oil industry will gain more value-added if they export the commodities in processed materials rather than raw materials. On the other hands palm oil industry more likely to export raw material, because there's no incentives for them to export processed materials. Therefore, to give an incentive to palm oil industry, the government of Indonesia should give fiscal incentives to encourage palm oil industry to produce processed materials. The purpose of this study is to identify the appropriate fiscal policy to palm oil industry and to estimate the economic impact due to the implementation of fiscal incentives policy. The methodology used in this research is analysis using Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) that can give an overview the impact of policy implementation to factors of production, an institution such as government and household, and other sectors including palm oil sectors itself. The result of this study that is the proposed fiscal policy in palm oil industry was fiscal incentives in the form of VAT exemption. Economic impact analysis that came from SAM indicates that implementation of the policy has an overall positive impact to factors of production, institution and sector.
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