Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the process through which a nearly pure carbon dioxide (CO2) stream is captured, separated from flue gas or other industrial processes, compressed, transported to an appropriate storage site, and injected deep underground into a geological formation where it can be safely stored for long-term geologic storage (Benson, 2005). Large sedimentary basins, such as the Illinois, Michigan, and Western Canadian sedimentary basins are good targets for CCS, as they are in close proximity to large CO2 emitters and are composed of the appropriate saline formations and overlying nonpermeable formations. In 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE-NETL) created a nationwide network of federal, state, and private sector partnerships to determine the most suitable technologies, regulations, and infrastructure for future CCS in different areas of the North America (Office of Fossil Energy, 2013).
A B S T R A C TBorehole seismic addresses the need for high-resolution images and elastic parameters of the subsurface. Full-waveform inversion of vertical seismic profile data is a promising technology with the potential to recover quantitative information about elastic properties of the medium. Full-waveform inversion has the capability to process the entire wavefield and to address the wave propagation effects contained in the borehole data-multi-component measurements; anisotropic effects; compressional and shear waves; and transmitted, converted, and reflected waves and multiples. Full-waveform inversion, therefore, has the potential to provide a more accurate result compared with conventional processing methods.We present a feasibility study with results of the application of high-frequency (up to 60 Hz) anisotropic elastic full-waveform inversion to a walkaway vertical seismic profile data from the Arabian Gulf. Full-waveform inversion has reproduced the majority of the wave events and recovered a geologically plausible layered model with physically meaningful values of the medium.
The LL-04 reservoir is located in the northeastern section of Lake Maracaibo and is part of the prolific Bolivar Coastal Field (BCF). Since its discovery in the late 1920's, this reservoir has produced over 520 MMSTB of oil from shallow (<3000 feet), unconsolidated fluvial and fluvial deltaic sandstones of the Miocene Lagunillas and La Rosa formations. Production is complicated by the heterogeneous nature of the sediments, low oil gravity (12° -19° API) and water coning and channeling. A multidisciplinary team consisting of engineers, geologists, geophysicists and petrophysicists was assembled to characterize and simulate the field. The objective of the team was to develop a reservoir management plan for the LL-04 Field that would increase daily production and ultimate recovery. Available data included 3-D seismic, openhole logs from over 600 wells, four cores and production and pressure measurements. All available data were used and honored in the interpretation process. Pressure measurements and production history were integrated with the seismic interpretation, log analysis, core descriptions, log correlations and deterministic mapping to define the reservoir compartments. Seven reservoir regions were defined. The original oil in place (OOIP) was increased by 44% as a result of this rigorous study. Also, 80 workover/recompletion candidates and 25 areas for infill drilling were identified.
Introduction
The mature LL04 reservoir, located along the Bolivar Coast of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, was discovered in 1926, and has produced over 520 MMSTB of oil as of December 2000. Producing mechanisms are natural depletion, water support from aquifer and injection, gas and LPG injection and compaction. Cyclic "huff'n'puff" steam injection has been used in 70 wells, as a stimulation mechanism. The main objective of the study was to address the numerous production problems in order to optimize the recovery of the substantial remaining reserves within the exploitable area.
In this technological development era, new trends and approaches related to quality management are emerging. Although many studies have focused on quality management in Industry 4.0, new technologies face difficulties in resolving problems arising from lack of trust, transparency, integrity, track-and-traceability, connectivity, and responsibility in evaluating quality. In this article, we discuss the potential of blockchain to deliver business value with transparent quality by introducing a new quality concept called “open quality”. A systematic literature review presents the increased visibility of open quality across the manufacturing system, based on which a “blockchain-enabled open quality” (OQB) framework in the fourth industrial revolution is proposed. The research contributes by providing a platform to share manufacturing information regarding quality within the entire system, thus ensuring that all members and processes of the system obtain verified information to enhance trust, transparency, and track-and-traceability. By this, manufacturers are able to meet the expectations of the customer and stakeholder with an improved product and system quality. In addition, the potential threats associated with OQB system implementation and their possible solutions are also discussed. Moreover, research gaps that can be explored in future study and the opportunities for new concepts of quality in Industry 4.0 are presented.
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