Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the process through which a nearly pure carbon dioxide (CO2) stream is captured, separated from flue gas or other industrial processes, compressed, transported to an appropriate storage site, and injected deep underground into a geological formation where it can be safely stored for long-term geologic storage (Benson, 2005). Large sedimentary basins, such as the Illinois, Michigan, and Western Canadian sedimentary basins are good targets for CCS, as they are in close proximity to large CO2 emitters and are composed of the appropriate saline formations and overlying nonpermeable formations. In 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE-NETL) created a nationwide network of federal, state, and private sector partnerships to determine the most suitable technologies, regulations, and infrastructure for future CCS in different areas of the North America (Office of Fossil Energy, 2013).
The Illinois Basin -Decatur Project (IBDP) is a carbon capture and storage (CCS) project that is located at the Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) Company's corn processing plant in Decatur, Illinois. The IBDP has an extensive seismic program that was designed to meet site characterization and monitoring objectives that includes two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) surface seismic data, time-lapse 3D vertical seismic profi les (VSPs), and microseismic monitoring. As little deep subsurface data was available within a 20-mile (32-km) radius of site, the surface seismic surveys have been important to the site characterization objectives for the project. Through seismic inversion analysis, rock properties such as density, porosity, and rock lithology were derived from the surface seismic data and incorporated into the geologic and geomechanical models for the project. Time-lapse 3D VSPs are acquired with a permanent geophone array in Geophysical Monitoring Well #1 (GM1). Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) injection commenced in November 2012, and the fi rst monitor survey was acquired in February 2012 after approximately 70 000 tonnes of CO 2 had been injected. While this is a small volume of CO 2 to detect seismically, anomalies were identifi ed that may be suggestive of CO 2 movement in the Mt Simon Sandstone at the depth of injection. Microseismic activity has been monitored using the geophone array in GM1 and two deep geophones installed in the Injection well (CCS1). A comparison of the different operation parameters with microseismic activity shows a correlation between microseismicity and pressure changes in the formation.
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