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A virtual team is a network group where team members from different cultures are temporarily gathered together for the period of a mission. The present research proposes a general model of virtual teams to investigate how cultural adaptation, communication quality, and trust affect the performance of virtual teams and their interaction with each other. A qualitative method is applied in the study. Four virtual team members from diverse teams are interviewed in order to explore how virtual teams work and whether propositions are confirmed in practice. The analysis results reveal that cultural adaptation, communication quality, and trust have positive effects on the performance of virtual teams. For virtual teams, research findings imply that team leaders should be aware of cultural differences as well as project issues within teams.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the motivations that affect middle management employees' knowledge-sharing intentions in the context of total quality management (TQM) implementations of Taiwan's information technology (IT) industry. A research model was developed based on TQM implementations and the theory of reasoned action. Survey samples were collected from 395 middle management employees in 50 Taiwanese ISO 9001:2000-certified firms in the IT industry, providing support for the proposed model. LISREL was applied to analyse the measurement and structural models. The analytical results showed that anticipated reciprocal relationships, perceived ethics and self-efficacy have significant direct effects on attitudes towards knowledge sharing and that subjective norms are significantly associated with knowledge-sharing intentions in the context of TQM implementations. However, subjective norms alone do not significantly influence attitudes towards knowledge sharing. Because this study only considered knowledge-sharing intention with regard to TQM implementation, whether these analytical results can be generalised to other research fields is unclear. We expect that future research can replicate this model. The contribution of the present study is the establishment of a model capable of lending an understanding to knowledgesharing intention relationships for TQM implementation in the Taiwanese IT industry. This study also presents valuable recommendations for TQM literature and practice.

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Previous researchers of impression management have focused on the tactics of supervisor-targeted ingratiation, self-promotion, and exemplification, and neglected those targeting coworkers. Thus, we focused on the supplication tactics that employees use toward coworkers. Data were collected from 238 supervisor–subordinate dyads working at technology companies in Taiwan. Results showed that the higher the self-efficacy, the less likely employees were to use supplication tactics. This negative relationship was also stronger when leader–member exchange (LMX) quality was high. However, when employees used supplication tactics, high LMX did not buffer supervisors' negative assessment of their organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Thus, employees' supplication tactics damaged supervisors' evaluation of their OCB. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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