This study investigates the understanding of peace, war, and violence of children in southern Brazil. Sixty-one younger children (30 boys and 31 girls; M age 7.6; SD = .82) and 63 older children (29 boys and 34 girls; M age 12.7; SD = .72) responded to an interview about either peace and violence or war and violence. The two interviews were equally distributed among participants according to age and sex. Data were examined for age and gender differences through content analysis and chi-square tests. In their responses, younger children accentuated concrete aspects of violence, such as weapons, while older children emphasized humane attitudes. Older boys highlighted conflicting interests; older girls emphasized a sense of human well-being. Results of this study are compared to those of similar international studies and the implications for peace education are discussed in the context of modern Brazilian culture and global trends.Hakvoort and Oppenheimer (1998) and Oppenheimer, have offered comprehensive reviews on children's understanding of peace, war, violence, and conflict. The authors highlighted the role of cognitive development and gender in the conceptualization of peace, war, and violence. Hakvoort (1996) observed that children form a concept of war prior to forming one of peace, and that early ideas about peace are that it is the negation of war. Oppenheimer et al. (1999) reported that, subsequently, friendship, absence of quarrels, and a calm en-
P sychology programs were first recognized in Brazilian universities during the mid-20th century. Prior to that, psychology had been taught in conjunction with other programs such as medicine, law, and education. The growth of psychology programs has been rapid in the last 25 years. From the time the Brazilian government first established a 5-year degree program in 1962, the number of psychology programs regulated by the Ministry of Education has increased to about 150. Graduate programs, established in 1965 and 1968, are also rapidly expanding. Psychology teaching draws on both European and US traditions in content and teaching methodology. A sociocultural psychological orientation is emphasized. Psychologists are prepared in 5-year undergraduate programs including 2 years of internship and extensive coursework in all areas of the discipline, including neurophysiology, psychobiology, social psychology, clinical psychology, developmental psychology, health psychology, and organizational psychology. Programs must follow national curriculum guidelines. There is no consensus as to which textbooks to use in particular courses and these decisions are generally left to the discretion of the professors. The preference is for use of customized collections of readings rather than books. Textbooks are thought to provide one-sided perspectives and to discourage library research. The increasing availability of on-line journals and e-books has revolutionized information access in Brazil, as in the rest of the world, and these are often used. The goals of undergraduate psychology programs are to prepare capable psychologists to work in a variety of capacities to benefit Brazilian society as a whole. The majority of psychologists practice in urban areas. Community organizations and social movements operating in rural areas may also have psychologists on staff. The optimism, respect for diversity, and dedication to democratic principles that are leading Brazil quickly into strong economic and social prominence in the 21st century are reflected in the teaching of psychology.L es programs en psychologie furent d'abord reconnus dans les universités brésiliennes vers le milieu du vingtième siècle. Auparavant, la psychologie était enseignée en conjonction avec d'autres programs tels que la médecine, la loi et l'éducation. La croissance des programs de psychologie fut rapide au cours des 25 dernières années. À partir du moment où le Gouvernement brésilien a mis sur pied un program de 5 ans en 1962, le nombre de programs en psychologie gérés par le Ministère de l'éducation a augmenté à environ 150. Les programs d'études supérieures, établis en 1965 et 1968, ont aussi rapidement pris de l'expansion. L'enseignement de la psychologie se base à la fois sur les traditions européennes et états-uniennes sur le plan du contenu et de la méthode d'enseignement. Une orientation socioculturelle psychologique est mise de l'avant. Les psychologues reçoivent une formation de 5 ans incluant 2 ans d'internat et de cours intensifs dans tous les domaines...
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