CO 2 emissions are of global concern because of climate change. China has become the largest CO 2 emitter in the world and presently accounts for 30% of global emissions. Here, we analyze the major drivers of energy-related CO 2 emissions in China from 1978 when the reform and opening-up policy was launched. We find that 1) there has been a 6-fold increase in energy-related CO 2 emissions, which was driven primarily (176%) by economic growth followed by population growth (16%), while the effects of energy intensity (−79%) and carbon intensity (−13%) slowed the growth of carbon emissions over most of this period; 2) energy-related CO 2 emissions are positively related to per capita gross domestic product (GDP), population growth rate, carbon intensity, and energy intensity; and 3) a portfolio of command-and-control policies affecting the drivers has altered the total emission trend. However, given the major role of China in global climate change mitigation, significant future reductions in China's CO 2 emissions will require transformation toward low-carbon energy systems.www.pnas.org/cgi/
Reaction of Co(II) with the nitrogen-rich ligand N,N-bis(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-amine (H2bta) leads to a mixed-valence, 3D, porous, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based, energetic material with the nitrogen content of 51.78%, [Co9(bta)10(Hbta)2(H2O)10]n⋅(22 H2O)n (1). Compound 1 was thermohydrated to produce a new, stable, energetic material with the nitrogen content of 59.85% and heat of denotation of 4.537 kcal cm(-3), [Co9(bta)10(Hbta)2(H2O)10]n (2). Sensitivity tests show that 2 is more sensitivity to external stimuli than 1, reflecting guest-dependent energy and sensitivity of 3D, MOF-based, energetic materials. Less-sensitive 1 can be regarded as a more safe form for storage and transformation to sensitive 2.
Background: Spot-scanning proton arc therapy (SPArc) has been proposed to improve dosimetric outcome and to simplify treatment workflow. To efficiently deliver a SPArc plan, it's crucial to minimize the number of energy layer switches (ELS) a sending because of the magnetic hysteresis effect. In this study, we introduced a new SPArc energy sequence optimization algorithm (SPArc_seq) to reduce ascended ELS and to investigate its impact on the beam delivery time (BDT). Method and materials: An iterative energy layer sorting and re-distribution mechanism following the direction of the gantry rotation was implemented in the original SPArc algorithm (SPArc_orig). Five disease sites, including prostate, lung, brain, head neck cancer (HNC) and breast cancer were selected to evaluate this new algorithm. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) and plan robustness were used to assess the plan quality for both SPArc_seq and SPArc_orig plans. The BDT evaluations were analyzed through two methods: 1. fixed gantry angle delivery (BDT fixed ) and 2. An in-house dynamic arc scanning controller simulation which considered of gantry rotation speed, acceleration and deceleration (BDT arc ). Results: With a similar total number of energy layers, SPArc_seq plans provided a similar nominal plan quality and plan robustness compared to SPArc_orig plans. SPArc_seq significantly reduced the number of ascended ELS by 83% (19 vs.115), 70% (16 vs. 64), 82% (19 vs. 104), 80% (19 vs. 94) and 70% (9 vs. 30), which effectively shortened the BDT fixed by 65% (386 vs. 1091 s), 61% (235 vs. 609 s), 64% (336 vs. 928 s), 48% (787 vs.1521 s) and 25% (384 vs. 511 s) and shortened BDT arc by 54% (522 vs.1128 s), 52% (310 vs.645 s), 53% (443 vs. 951 s), 49% (803 vs.1583 s) and 26% (398 vs. 534 s) in prostate, lung, brain, HNC and breast cancer, respectively. Conclusions: The SPArc_seq optimization algorithm could effectively reduce the BDT compared to the original SPArc algorithm. The improved efficiency of the SPArc_seq algorithm has the potential to increase patient throughput, thereby reducing the operation cost of proton therapy.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to compare the effects of equity financing and debt financing on technological innovation, and prove that the enhancement of a financing system’s risk tolerance for technological innovation can enhance the innovation risk preference of enterprises and thus promote innovation.
Design/methodology/approach
This study is based on a transnational sample of 35 developed countries from 1996 to 2015, by using the panel econometric model to empirically examine the effects of two financing modes on innovation.
Findings
The findings showed that equity financing, which has higher risk tolerance, has a more positive impact on innovation than debt financing in terms of both economic uptrend and economic downtrend, and that government efficiency plays a significant role in supporting the performance of technological innovation.
Originality/value
The paper provides a research framework for examining how a financing system’s risk tolerance capacity affects the development of technological innovation through promoting risk preference among enterprises. This paper provides transnational and cross-cycle comparative evidence that equity financing with a strong risk tolerance capacity can better support technological innovation, even in periods of economic downtrend. Moreover, the importance of financing system’s risk tolerance capacity for innovation during economic crises is discussed.
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AbstractThe conventional control method of a collective ventilation (e.g., stratum ventilation) controls the averaged thermal environment in the occupied zone to satisfy the averaged thermal preference of a group of occupants. However, the averaged thermal environment in the occupied zone is not the same as the microclimates of the occupants, because the thermal environment in the occupied zone is not absolutely uniform. Moreover, the averaged thermal preference of the occupants could deviate from the individual thermal preferences, because the occupants could have different individual thermal preferences. This study proposes a subzone control method for stratum ventilation to improve thermal comfort. The proposed method divides the occupied zone into subzones, and controls the microclimates of the subzones to satisfy the thermal preferences of the respective subzones. Experiments in a stratum-ventilated classroom are conducted to model and validate the Predicted Mean Votes (PMVs) of the subzones, with a mean absolute error between 0.05 scale and 0.14 scale. Using the PMV models, the supply air parameters are optimized to minimize the deviation between the PMVs of the subzones and the respective thermal preferences. Case studies show that the proposed method can fulfill the thermal
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