Fo r m o r e info r m a tio n, in cl u di n g o u r p olicy a n d s u b mi s sio n p r o c e d u r e , pl e a s e c o n t a c t t h e R e p o si to ry Te a m a t: u si r@ s alfo r d. a c. u k .Please cite this article as: Cheng Y, Zhang S, Huan C, Oladokun MO, Lin Z, Optimization on fresh outdoor air ratio of air conditioning system with stratum ventilation for both targeted indoor air quality and maximal energy saving, Building and Environment (2018), doi: https://doi. AbstractStratum ventilation can energy efficiently provide good inhaled indoor air quality with a proper operation (e.g., fresh outdoor air ratio). However, the non-uniform CO 2 distribution in a stratum-ventilated room challenges the provision of targeted indoor air quality. This study proposes an optimization on the fresh outdoor air ratio of stratum ventilation for both the targeted indoor air quality and maximal energy saving.A model of CO 2 concentration in the breathing zone is developed by coupling CO 2 removal efficiency in the breathing zone and mass conservation laws. With the developed model, the ventilation parameters corresponding to different fresh outdoor air ratios are quantified to achieve the targeted indoor air quality (i.e., targeted CO 2 concentration in the breathing zone). Using the fresh outdoor air ratios and corresponding ventilation parameters as inputs, energy performance evaluations of the air conditioning system are conducted by building energy simulations. The fresh outdoor air ratio with the minimal energy consumption is determined as the optimal

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To study human local and overall thermal sensations, a series of experiments under various conditions were carried out in a climate control chamber. The adopted analysis method considered the effect of the weight coefficient of local average skin temperature and density of the cold receptors' distribution in different local body areas. The results demonstrated that the thermal sensation of head, chest, back, and hands was warmer than overall thermal sensation. The mean thermal sensation votes of those local areas were more densely distributed. Also, the thermal sensation of arms, thigh, and calf was colder than the overall thermal sensation, which showed that thermal sensation votes were more dispersed. The thermal sensation of chest and back had a strong linear correlation with overall thermal sensation. Considering the actual scope of airconditioning , the human body was classified into three local parts: a) head, b) upper part of body and c) lower part of the body. The prediction model of both the three-part thermal sensation and the overall thermal sensation was developed. Weight coefficients were 0.21, 0.60 and 0.19 respectively. The models provide basic installation guide of the personal ventilation system to achieve efficient energy use.

Fi el d s t u d y o n a d a p tiv e t h e r m al c o mfo r t in ty pic al ai r c o n di tio n e d cl a s s r o o m s

Properly treating uncertainty is critical for robust system sizing of nearly/net zero energy buildings (ZEBs). To treat uncertainty, the conventional method conducts Monte Carlo simulations for thousands of possible design options, which inevitably leads to computation load that is heavy or even impossible to handle. In order to reduce the number of Monte Carlo simulations, this study proposes a response-surface-modelbased system sizing method. The response surface models of design criteria (i.e., the annual energy match ratio, self-consumption ratio and initial investment) are established based on Monte Carlo simulations for 29 specific design points which are determined by Box-Behnken design. With the response surface models, the overall performances (i.e., the weighted performance of the design criteria) of all design options (i.e., sizing combinations of photovoltaic, wind turbine and electric storage) are evaluated, and the design option with the maximal overall performance is finally

Stratum ventilation has significant thermal non-uniformity between the occupied and upper zones. Although the non-uniformity benefits indoor air quality and energy efficiency, it increases complexities and difficulties in the air-side modulation. In this study, a heat removal efficiency (HRE) model is first established and validated, and then used for the air-side modulation. The HRE model proposed is a function of supply air temperature, supply airflow rate and cooling load. The HRE model proposed has been proven to be applicable to stratum ventilation and displacement ventilation for different room geometries and air terminal configurations, with errors generally within ±5% and a mean absolute error less than 4% for thirty-three experimental cases and five simulated cases. Investigations into the air-side modulation with the proposed HRE model reveal that for both the typical stratum-ventilated classroom and office, the variable-air-volume system can serve a wider range of cooling load than the constant-air-volume system. The assumption of a constant HRE used in the conventional method could lead to errors in the room temperature prediction up to ±1.3⁰C, thus the proposed HRE model is important to the Applied Energy

Experimental investigation into the effects of different metabolic rates of body movement on thermal comfort

S u b z o n e c o n t r ol m e t h o d of s t r a t u m v e n til a tio n fo r t h e r m al c o mfo r t i m p r ov e m e n t Z h a n g , S, C h e n g, Y, Ol a d o k u n, M O a n d Lin, Z h t t p:// dx. d oi.o r g/ 1 0. 1 0 1 6/j.b uild e nv.2 0 1 8. 1 1. 0 4 1 Ti t l e S u b z o n e c o n t r ol m e t h o d of s t r a t u m v e n til a tio n fo r t h e r m al c o mfo r t i m p r ov e m e n t A u t h o r s Z h a n g, S, C h e n g , Y, Ol a d o k u n, M O a n d Lin, Z Typ e Articl e U RL This ve r sio n is a v ail a bl e a t : h t t p:// u sir.s alfo r d. a c. u k/id/ e p ri n t/ 5 3 1 0 1/ P u b l i s h e d D a t e 2 0 1 9 U SIR is a di git al c oll e c tio n of t h e r e s e a r c h o u t p u t of t h e U niv e r si ty of S alfo r d. W h e r e c o py ri g h t p e r mi t s, full t e x t m a t e ri al h el d in t h e r e p o si to ry is m a d e fr e ely a v ail a bl e o nli n e a n d c a n b e r e a d , d o w nlo a d e d a n d c o pi e d fo r n o nc o m m e r ci al p riv a t e s t u dy o r r e s e a r c h p u r p o s e s . Pl e a s e c h e c k t h e m a n u s c ri p t fo r a n y fu r t h e r c o py ri g h t r e s t ri c tio n s. Fo r m o r e info r m a tio n, in cl u di n g o u r p olicy a n d s u b mi s sio n p r o c e d u r e , pl e a s e c o n t a c t t h e R e p o si to ry Te a m a t: u si r@ s alfo r d. a c. u k . AbstractThe conventional control method of a collective ventilation (e.g., stratum ventilation) controls the averaged thermal environment in the occupied zone to satisfy the averaged thermal preference of a group of occupants. However, the averaged thermal environment in the occupied zone is not the same as the microclimates of the occupants, because the thermal environment in the occupied zone is not absolutely uniform. Moreover, the averaged thermal preference of the occupants could deviate from the individual thermal preferences, because the occupants could have different individual thermal preferences. This study proposes a subzone control method for stratum ventilation to improve thermal comfort. The proposed method divides the occupied zone into subzones, and controls the microclimates of the subzones to satisfy the thermal preferences of the respective subzones. Experiments in a stratum-ventilated classroom are conducted to model and validate the Predicted Mean Votes (PMVs) of the subzones, with a mean absolute error between 0.05 scale and 0.14 scale. Using the PMV models, the supply air parameters are optimized to minimize the deviation between the PMVs of the subzones and the respective thermal preferences. Case studies show that the proposed method can fulfill the thermal