Background
Several evidences from epidemiologic and treatment studies indicate that anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders commonly co-occur, and the interaction is multifaceted and variable. Epidemiological studies and investigations within clinical substance abuse populations have found an association between anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders.
Results
The mean age was 28.1 ± 6.5 years. The majority belonged to the moderate socioeconomic status (52%). Substance use disorder (SUD) patients expressed higher levels of anxiety and depression in comparison to the control group. Most of the study group (97%) expressed different levels of anxiety. Eighty percent of them expressed high and moderate anxiety levels, and 20% of caregivers were having mild anxiety levels. Ninety-three percent of the substance users expressed different levels of depression, either mild 12%, moderate 9%, or severe 72%. The Drug Use Disorder Identification Test scores were positively correlated with anxiety (r = 0.256 and p = 0.010) and depression (r = 0.330 and p = 0.001). Moreover, it was found that anxiety and depression are positively correlated with each other’s (r = 0.630 and p = 0.001).
Conclusion
Substance use disorders are associated with high levels of anxiety and depression. More specifically, it is associated with severe depression and anxiety. There is an obvious association between the presence of anxiety and depression on the one hand and the severity of drug-related problems on the other hand. Depression and anxiety are commonly present together in patients with SUDs.
Background
Some pieces of the literature report impaired cognitive functioning in tramadol dependence. Whether extended abstinence improves cognitive functioning or not is not well studied.
Aim
We aimed to measure the change in cognitive functioning following complete abstinence among individuals with tramadol dependence.
Methods
Eighty‐three male tramadol‐dependent (TD) and 57 matched healthy controls participated in this study. Cognitive functions were assessed using: The Trail making test (TMT), Wechsler Memory Scale‐Revised (WMS‐R), and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Patients were assessed in the first week immediately after the end of the in‐patient treatment program (T1), and after six months of sustained abstinence (T2).
Results
At T1, the TD group showed deficits on all tested cognitive parameters (visual attention, task switching, working memory, visual memory, verbal memory, verbal knowledge, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full‐Scale IQ) in comparison to the control group. At T2, significant improvements had occurred in all the tested parameters except performance IQ. The cognitive performance of the abstinent individuals at T2 was comparable to the control group for the verbal subsets of WMS‐R, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full‐Scale IQ. Nevertheless, it was still worse than the control group in TMT, and all other WMS subsets.
Conclusion
tramadol dependence has negative effects on cognitive performance, which improves with extended abstinence.
Background: Several studies using event-related potential (ERP) methods have reported a relationship between the cognitive dysfunction of patients with psychosis and P300 latency and amplitude. P300 follow-up studies in patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic treatment revealed that the P300 amplitudes were increased while other studies showed limited changes in the P300 amplitude even after antipsychotics use. Results: We found that at the first presentation, all patients' groups have significantly lower amplitude and more prolonged latency of P300 than controls. All the first-episode psychosis patients showed a significant improvement of P300 amplitude mean scores after 1 year, but with no significant change in the P300 latency. There was an inverse correlation between the patients' PANSS scores and their P300 latency and amplitude values. Conclusion: P300 amplitude and latency might be of clinical value in the evaluation of cognitive functions in the first-episode psychosis patients. The abnormalities in P300 may be improved with continuous control of psychotic symptoms with psychotropic medications.
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