In present work, the modified chemical bath deposition method (CBD) called successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction effective coast method was used for deposited copper oxide CuO nanostructured thin films. Structural, surface texture and optical characteristics of the deposited films were studied as a function of low annealing temperature (150, 200 and 250) °C. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the as-deposited and annealed films exhibited low crystallinity of polycrystalline nature in the monoclinic phase. It is observed a fixed or very little increment of peaks intensity and the crystallinity of the deposited films with the increase of annealing temperature to 250 °C. The lattice constants were calculated and show good agreement with the standard values. The crystallite size was decreased, whereas the dislocation density and the number of crystallites were increased with the increment of annealing temperature. The average grain diameter was increased and the average surface roughness decreased with the increment of annealing temperature. The optical energy gap for the as-deposited film is 1.87eV and increased to (2.03, 2.06 and 2.09) eV with the increment of annealing temperatures. The Urbach tails energy width decreased from 0.91 eV to (0.73, 0.54 and 0.46) eV for as-deposited and annealed films at low temperatures (150, 200 and 250) °C respectively. The low annealing temperatures was used because the deposition process was performs at low temperatures below 100 °C, therefore_it can be concluded that the low annealing temperatures used in this work are not suitable temperatures for the growth of CuO films and it can be above 300 °C to enhance the film crystallinity and formation of CuO phase.

Nanostructured copper oxide (Cu2O) and cobalt doped (Co:Cu2O)thin films were prepared at varying doping by spray pyrolysis technique(SPT). X-ray diffraction patterns investigate t structural properties. Surface topography was studied by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Transmittance spectra were determined by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and the results showed that pure and Co doped Cu2O Nanostructures have a bandgap values between (2.56 - 2.85) eV.

Titanium dioxide TiO2 nanorods were successfully grown on conductive glass FTO substrate using the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 160 oC. Surface topography, structure, and optical characteristics were studied according to the influence of annealing temperature (450, 550, and 650) oC. The surface topography results reveal that the TiO2 had nanorods structure with a tetragonal shape, and the rod diameter increases from 84.2 nm to 116.6 nm with increasing the annealing temperature. The crystal structure of the grown TiO2 NRs exhibits a high crystallinity of polycrystalline nature with anatase and rutile phases. The preferential orientation was along (204) plane for anatase tetragonal structure. AFM image shows an intense edge, uniform surface morphology, and increased grain diameter with annealing temperature. The optical properties of TiO2 NRs were investigated, and the absorption edge shows a blue shifting as the annealing temperature increases when considering the crystallinity and morphology changes. The energy band gap was found to be lower than 3 eV, which can be attributed to the presence of anatase and rutile phases with an increment range from 2.72 to 2.86 nm alongside the increase in the annealing temperature. The results indicate that the adopted hydrothermal method and the synthesized TiO2 NRs were suitable for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications.

Pure and Barium doped Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) thin films are grown by the chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique. The films are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The XRD shows that pure and doped films are polycrystalline. The average grain of films was found to increase with Barium doping. The optical investigation shows a small decrease in bandgap value for the doped films. The pure and 2% and 4% Ba doped films were found to have a bandgap of 2.43eV and 2.5 eV respectively.

Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and doped with boron (B) thin films were prepared by Chemical spray pyrolysis CSP. Optical band gap energy of the films decreased from 3.83 to 3.73.55 eV via increase of doping. X-XRD patterns disclosed that films structure were polycrystalline, mixture of monoclinic and tetragonal phases. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results assure dependence of surface morphology and roughness upon doping.