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Clear, timely and accurate information is recognised as strategically and operationally critical to disaster response effectiveness. Increasing cultural and linguistic diversity across the globe creates a demand for information to be available in multiple languages. This signifies a need for language translation to be a key element of disaster management. However, language translation is an underdeveloped tool in disaster management and has been a neglected topic in research. We analyse the disaster response approaches for five nations-Ireland, the UK, New Zealand, Japan and the USA-to determine the degree to which language translation is utilised. Taking the right to information as a starting point, we use a 4-A, rights-based analytic framework. Each approach is inspected for standards of Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Adaptability. The US has the strongest adherence to these standards while the other approaches are less developed. We suggest several principles for effective practice in providing language access services.

Objective To investigate the possible effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in utero on cardiac development and function in HIV-negative children. Background ART reduces vertical HIV transmission. Long-term cardiotoxicity after in utero exposure to ART is unknown in children but has occurred in young animals. Methods Using a prospective multi-site cohort study design, we compared echocardiograms taken between birth and 24 months in two groups of HIV-negative infants of HIV-positive mothers: 136 infants exposed to ART (ART+) and 216 unexposed infants (ART−). Results Mean LV mass Z-scores were consistently lower in ART+ girls than in ART− girls: differences in mean Z-scores were −0.46 at birth (P=0.005), −1.02 at 6 months (P<0.001), −0.74 at 12 months (P<0.001), and −0.79 at 24 months (P<0.001). Corresponding differences in Z-scores for boys were smaller: 0.13 at 1 month (P=0.42), −0.44 at 6 months (P=0.01), −0.15 at 12 months (P=0.37), and −0.21 at 24 months (P=0.21). Septal wall thickness and LV dimension were smaller than expected in ART+ infants, but LV contractility was consistently about 1 SD higher at all ages (P<0.001). In ART+ infants, LV fractional shortening was higher than in ART− infants; girls showed a greater difference. Conclusion Fetal exposure to ART is associated with reduced LV mass, LV dimension, and septal wall thickness Z-scores and increased LV fractional shortening and contractility up to age 2 years. These effects are more pronounced in girls than in boys. Fetal ART exposure may impair myocardial growth while improving depressed LV function.

Survival of extremely premature infants (< 27 weeks' gestational age) has improved over the past two decades. Indomethacin prophylaxis was used in these infants, who have the highest mortality and morbidity rates, to reduce the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Medical records of 65 extremely premature infants born at our institution between 1995 and 2001 were reviewed retrospectively to determine whether treatment of PDA with indomethacin in the first 48 hours of life reduces the need for PDA ligation or increases neonatal morbidity, when compared to treatment begun later. Thirty infants in the early treatment group (ETG) were treated during the first 48 hours after birth, and 32 infants in the standard treatment group (STG) were managed expectantly for PDA. Three infants died in the first hours of life and were eliminated from further analysis. ETG infants were 24.9 +/- 1.1 (mean +/- SD) weeks' gestation with a birth weight of 678 +/- 143 g. STG infants were 25.3 +/- 1.1 weeks (NS) and 730 +/- 125 g (NS). Hemodynamically significant PDA was diagnosed or confirmed by echocardiography in 19 ETG patients and 17 STG patients. Of the patients with hemodynamically significant PDA, 1 (5%) ETG patient and 6 (35%) STG patients underwent surgical ligation (p = 0.033). Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) with intestinal perforation was the most serious morbidity and occurred in 20% of infants in the ETG, but in no STG infant (p = 0.011). Four of the six infants in the ETG with NEC and intestinal perforation died. The overall mortality rate for all infants studied was 28%. We conclude that in extremely premature infants, use of indomethacin during the first 48 hours of life was associated with a reduced need for PDA ligation, but an increased risk of NEC with intestinal perforation.

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Abstract:In translation process and language production research, pauses are seen as indicators of cognitive processing. Investigating the correlations between source text machine translatability and post-editing effort involves an assessment of cognitive effort. Therefore, an analysis of pauses is essential. This paper presents data from a research project which includes an analysis of pauses in post-editing, triangulated with the Choice Network Analysis method and Translog. Results suggest that the pause-to-keyboarding ratio does not differ significantly for sentences deemed to be more suitable for machine translation than for those deemed to be less suitable. Also, results confirm the finding in research elsewhere that pause duration and frequency is subject to individual differences. Finally, we suggest that while pauses provide some indication of cognitive processing, supplementary methods are required to give a fuller picture.

This paper seeks to characterise translation as a form of human-computer interaction. The evolution of translator-computer interaction is explored and the challenges and benefits are enunciated. The concept of cognitive ergonomics is drawn on to argue for a more caring and inclusive approach towards the translator by developers of translation technology. A case is also made for wider acceptance by the translation community of the benefits of the technology at their disposal and for more humanistic research on the impact of technology on the translator, the translation profession and the translation process. KeywordsHuman-computer interaction; translation memory; machine translation; translation technology; cognitive ergonomics IntroductionThe field of professional translation is, without a doubt, a form of human-computer interaction (HCI). In a period of less than thirty years, technology has radically transformed the way in which professional translators work (Folaron 2011: 429). Among other technologies, translation memory (TM) tools are now standard in many professional translation domains and recent successes in Machine Translation (MT) have led to a significant increase in usage and commercial implementation, which is in turn touching on the lives of professional translators. 2The objective of this paper is to characterise translation as a form of HCI and to explore the benefits and challenges that the interaction between translation, translator, and the computer present. I wish to expand on the discussion on how computers have changed the translation landscape over time and how, perhaps more importantly, the current landscape is changing radically and speedily and how we, translation researchers, trainers and practising translators, are reacting to this change. I will raise some important questions throughout, and will offer some potential answers, but I do not pretend to have all the answers.A discussion about translation as a form of human-computer interaction requires a statement about the concept of 'translation' being reflected upon. Tymockzo (2007) argues that the narrow English-language Western European concept of 'translation' as a form of transfer between a written source language text and a target language one must be broadened into a concept of '*translation' as cross-cultural understanding that is not reliant on dominant Western European views nor on restricted notions of what constitutes a text.1 I agree in principle with Tymoczko's appeal for broadening the concept within translation studies, while, at the same time, I defend the legitimacy of the concept of translation I mainly refer to here, i.e. bilingual, text-based translation in a specialised domain destined for public consumption for which the translator is paid (though exceptions to this latter qualifier are now emerging). While this may be a restricted concept of translation, it constitutes a significant global economic activity and is, in my experience, the type of translation from which many translation studies graduates e...

A Reception Study of Machine Translated Subtitles for MOOCs Ke HuAs MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) grow rapidly around the world, the language barrier is becoming a serious issue. Removing this obstacle by creating translated subtitles is an indispensable part ofdeveloping MOOCs and improving accessibility.Given the large quantity of MOOCs availableworldwide and the considerable demand for them, machine translation (MT) appearsto offer an alternative or complementary translation solution, thus providingthe motivation for this research.