Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rapidly emerging as an important cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. 1Epidemiologic studies done in various populations have identified major risk factors for CVD, which include both biochemical and non-biochemical factors such as inappropriate diet and physical activity leading to high body mass index (BMI), raised blood pressure, tobacco use, unfavorable blood lipid, and impaired glucose tolerance. One report suggested that more than 75 % of CVD in population could be explained by the prevalence of these established risk factors.2 Strategies for preventing premature CVD include measures to control its major risk factors. Measurement of biochemical factors is not always feasible in developing countries due to budget constrains and lack of CVD epidemiologic research. However, measurement of established non-biochemical risk factors such as blood pressure, BMI, and smoking can be done in a standardized but less expensive way. Surveillance of these non-biochemical risk factors is important as these risk factors may explain a large part of CVD in developing countries 3 in

Bangladesh Open University (BOU) is the only public educational institution in Bangladesh, where, a dual-mode method of learning system has been introduced. Established in 21 stOctober, 1992, the University now accommodates 1,74,459 learners in 2012. The wide range networking of this university provides it a great prospect to execute a broad spectrum of activities to accomplish its social responsibilities.Despite the aims of BOU at continuous quantitative improvement and greater equity in the society, like most of the ODL method universities in the world, BOU framed a limited objective to create awareness and preparedness about the contemporary global disaster proneness among its learners. Bangladesh for its geographical location, experiences several natural disasters like annual flood, heavy rainfall, cyclone and tidal surge, earth quake, river bank erosion, drought, etc. Lack of awareness of the sustainable use of the natural resources, and the consequences of the heedless consumption of them by the inhabitants enhanced the degree and frequency of these natural disasters during the last decades. The present study emphasizes on the role of Bangladesh Open University in creating awareness among its learners about the causes and pattern of disasters, pre and post disaster management strategies, etc. The study proves that BOU is a unique educational institution which, through the ODL method of teaching, using various educational medium like, tutorial support, printed study materials, electronic media, internet, and cellular phone, etc. can provided a wide range of knowledge about the disaster vulnerability, risk reduction and management strategies to its learners.

Background: COVID-19 is a pandemic disease affecting a huge number of people around the world. Among the survivors of COVID-19 complains of exacerbated musculoskeletal symptoms especially for those who had pre-existing problems. Aim: This study aims to find out the different types of musculoskeletal symptoms felt by post-covid-19 survivors and explore the association among those symptoms and associated factors. Methods: A descriptive type of cross-sectional study of 90 participants was conducted. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from participants through a structured questionnaire using face to face interview. Results: Among the 90 participants 63 were male and 27 were female with a mean age of 45.43 years. 80 participants were from the urban area. In the location of pain status, 25 complained of pain in the head and neck, 12 in the upper limb, 31 in the lower limb, and 22 in the back. Besides, 80 complained of global weakness and 10 did not have it. A significant association was found between the age of the participants and severity of COVID (p<0.002), duration and severity of pain after COVID (p<0.003), smoking and global weakness after COVID (p<0.006), general health and severity of COVID (p<0.010), general health and severity of weakness (p< 0.02), general health and severity of pain (p< 0.05), exercise before COVID and severity of COVID (p< 0.001), exercise recovery from active COVID and severity of weakness (p< 0.04). Conclusion: Musculoskeletal symptoms are features of post-COVID-19 survivors. This study found a significant association between different factors which would be helpful in the future for conduction empirical research.

Moringa is an expeditious-growing evergreen perennial plant and has wide adaptability to grow in different environmental conditions. The nutritive value and medicinal benefits of its leaves, flowers, pods, roots, and stem barks are established by philanthropic research. Edible parts are rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other chemical compounds with medicinal properties. The pods and leaves are mainly used as vegetables and ingredients in soups and curries. It is used to boost the nutritional value of food, as well as to boost the immune system and antioxidant levels, lower blood sugar levels and maintain inflammation. Moreover, Moringa leaves flavonoid amelioration of total antioxidant capacity in the lens. Its leaves, pods, and leaf powder contain a high proportion of Vitamin A, which can help to prevent night blindness and eye problems in children.

This review paper focus on the uses and health impact of betel leaf (Piper betle L.). The betel plant belongs to the family Piperaceae. Traditionally betel leaf is chewing after taking meal having significant medicinal properties and nutritional values. It contains some vitamins, minerals and produce enzyme that helps in digestion and work as mouth freshener. Literature shows that the leaf has a significant antimicrobial activity against broad spectrum of microorganisms. The betel leaf is predominantly consumed as betel quid, which is a mixture of substances areca nut, tobacco and lime. Some reports may suggest that betel quid has adverse health effects but most of the findings show that the betel leaf has many medicinal benefits and it has no adverse effects.

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