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Wearable transdermal iontophoresis eliminating the need for external power sources offers advantages for patient-comfort when deploying epidermal diseases treatments. However, current self-powered iontophoresis based on energy harvesters is limited to support efficient therapeutic administration over the long-term operation, owing to the low and inconsistent energy supply. Here we propose a simplified wearable iontophoresis patch with a built-in Mg battery for efficient and controllable transdermal delivery. This system decreases the system complexity and form factors by using viologen-based hydrogels as an integrated drug reservoir and cathode material, eliminating the conventional interface impedance between the electrode and drug reservoir. The redox-active polyelectrolyte hydrogel offers a high energy density of 3.57 mWh cm−2, and an optimal bioelectronic interface with ultra-soft nature and low tissue-interface impedance. The delivery dosage can be readily manipulated by tuning the viologen hydrogel and the iontophoresis stimulation mode. This iontophoresis patch demonstrates an effective treatment of an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse. Considering the advantages of being a reliable and efficient energy supply, simplified configuration, and optimal electrical skin-device interface, this battery-powered iontophoresis may provide a new non-invasive treatment for chronic epidermal diseases.

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The increase of traffic flow in cities causes traffic congestion and accidents as well as air pollution. Traffic problems have attracted the interest of many researchers from the perspective of theory and engineering. In order to provide a simple and practical method for measuring the exhaust emission and assessing the effect of pollution control, a model is based on the relationship between traffic flow and vehicle exhaust emission under a certain level of road capacity constraints. In the proposed model, the hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) are considered as the indexes of total exhaust emission, and the speed is used as an intermediate variable. To verify the rationality and practicality of the model, a case study for Beijing, China, is provided in which the effects of taxi fare regulation and the specific vehicle emission reduction policy are analyzed.

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Performance analysis is of great significance to increase the operational efficiency of healthcare organizations. Healthcare performance is influenced by numerous indicators, but it is unrealistic for administrators to improve all of them due to the restriction of resources. To solve this problem, we integrated double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (DHHFLTSs) with the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and proposed a DHHFL– DEMATEL method to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) in healthcare management. For the developed approach, the judgments of experts on the inter-relationships among indicators were represented by DHHFLTSs, and a novel combination weighting approach was proposed to obtain experts’ weights in line with hesitant degree and consensus degree. Then, the normal DEMATEL method was extended and used for examining the cause and effect relationships between indicators; the technique for the order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method was utilized to generate the ranking of performance indicators. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed DHHFL–DEMATEL approach were illustrated by a practical example in a rehabilitation hospital.