An integrated Mg battery-powered iontophoresis patch for efficient and controllable transdermal drug delivery

Abstract

Wearable transdermal iontophoresis eliminating the need for external power sources offers advantages for patient-comfort when deploying epidermal diseases treatments. However, current self-powered iontophoresis based on energy harvesters is limited to support efficient therapeutic administration over the long-term operation, owing to the low and inconsistent energy supply. Here we propose a simplified wearable iontophoresis patch with a built-in Mg battery for efficient and controllable transdermal delivery. This system decreases the system complexity and form factors by using viologen-based hydrogels as an integrated drug reservoir and cathode material, eliminating the conventional interface impedance between the electrode and drug reservoir. The redox-active polyelectrolyte hydrogel offers a high energy density of 3.57 mWh cm−2, and an optimal bioelectronic interface with ultra-soft nature and low tissue-interface impedance. The delivery dosage can be readily manipulated by tuning the viologen hydrogel and the iontophoresis stimulation mode. This iontophoresis patch demonstrates an effective treatment of an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse. Considering the advantages of being a reliable and efficient energy supply, simplified configuration, and optimal electrical skin-device interface, this battery-powered iontophoresis may provide a new non-invasive treatment for chronic epidermal diseases.

Recent Advances in Formulations for Long-Acting Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides

“…A recently reported breakthrough idea is integrated battery-powered controllable transdermal DDSs . These platforms can provide advantages such as self-powered therapeutic administration induced by an internal energy source for long-term operations .…”

“…230 These platforms can provide advantages such as self-powered therapeutic administration induced by an internal energy source for long-term operations. 230 They can also potentially be integrated with long-acting peptide delivery formulations (e.g., peptide-loaded/conjugated micro/nanoparticles, hydrogels, and scaffolds) to lead to further clinical benefits, resulting in better patient comfort. For example, in Zhou et al's study, a wearable built-in Mg battery-powered iontophoresis patch was reported for efficient and controlled transdermal drug delivery for noninvasive chronic disease treatment.…”

“…226−229 A recently reported breakthrough idea is integrated batterypowered controllable transdermal DDSs. 230 These platforms can provide advantages such as self-powered therapeutic administration induced by an internal energy source for long-term operations. 230 They can also potentially be integrated with long-acting peptide delivery formulations (e.g., peptide-loaded/conjugated micro/nanoparticles, hydrogels, and scaffolds) to lead to further clinical benefits, resulting in better patient comfort.…”

Permanently Polarized Materials: An Approach for Designing Materials with Customized Electrical Properties

“…More specifically, tuning the electrical properties of materials is extremely desired not only for electronics but also for other fields like electrochemistry and biomedicine where the occurring phenomena can ultimately be reduced to electron/ion conductivity and surface charge accumulation . That is, the design of electrodes for sensing, , the optimization of energy storage devices, the synthesis of actuators and the study of biological processes, such as cell growth, antibiotic activity or drug release, − among many others. Nevertheless, the design of novel molecular engineered or metamaterials is moving at a slower pace compared to other fields such as electromagnetism, , as the characteristic wavelength of electrical-related phenomena requires accurate control on the structure and periodicity of materials down to the atomic scale.…”

A stimuli-responsive viologen-containing polymer for use in electrochromic devices and amine-detecting paper

“…1). For example, viologen-containing polymers such as side-chain, [41][42][43][44][45] mainchain, 46,47 dendrimer, [48][49][50] network, 51,52 and composite 53 have been reported to exhibit low electrochromic voltage and/or good film-forming performance. [54][55][56][57][58] Therefore, viologen and viologen-containing polymers could be used to prepare interesting electrochromic devices (ECDs).…”