BackgroundFractalkine (CX3CL1) is involved in the development of numerous inflammatory conditions including metabolic diseases. However, changes in the circulatory fractalkine levels in type-2 diabetes (T2D) and their relationship with inflammatory chemokines/cytokines remain unclear. The aim of the study was to determine the T2D-associated modulations in plasma fractalkine levels and investigate their relationship with circulatory chemokines/cytokines.MethodsA total of 47 plasma samples were collected from 23 T2D and 24 non-diabetic individuals selected over a wide range of body mass index (BMI). Clinical metabolic parameters were determined using standard commercial kits. Fractalkine and chemokines/cytokines were measured using Luminex X-MAP® technology. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured by ELISA. The data were compared using unpaired t-test and the dependence between two variables was assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r).ResultsPlasma fractalkine levels were significantly higher (P = 0.005) in T2D patients (166 ± 14.22 pg/ml) as compared with non-diabetics (118 ± 8.90 pg/ml). In T2D patients, plasma fractalkine levels correlated positively (P ≤ 0.05) with inflammatory chemokines/cytokines including CCL3 (r = 0.52), CCL4 (r = 0.85), CCL11 (r = 0.51), CXCL1 (r = 0.67), G-CSF (r = 0.91), IFN-α2 (r = 0.97), IL-17A (r = 0.79), IL-1β (r = 0.97), IL-12P70 (r = 0.90), TNF-α (r = 0.58), and IL-6 (r = 0.60). In non-diabetic individuals, fractalkine levels correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with those of CCL4 (r = 0.49), IL-1β (r = 0.73), IL-12P70 (r = 0.41), and TNF-α (r = 0.50). Notably, plasma fractalkine levels in T2D patients associated with systemic inflammation (CRP) (r = 0.65, P = 0.02).ConclusionsThe altered plasma fractalkine levels associate differentially with inflammatory chemokines/cytokines in T2D patients which may have implications for T2D immunopathogenesis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0297-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Predictive indices like the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) have been developed to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Metabolic surgery is the most effective treatment for a rapid improvement of morbid obesity and its comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CVD. A decreased reoccurrence of CVD after metabolic surgery has been reported by several studies. However, studies utilizing predictive indices for CVD risk in CVD-free morbid-obese patients who undertook laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) are lacking. Here, we use AIP as a tool to evaluate the improvement in CVD risk post-LSG in morbid-obese people who had no history of CVD. Method. We compared baseline, 6- and 12-month post-LSG score of AIP, vascular age, circulating biochemical markers related to CVD in two groups of BMI and age-matched morbid-obese participants with and without T2D. Results. At baseline, people with T2D had significantly higher AIP both, with morbid obesity (0.23±0.06, p<0.001) and normal weight (0.022±0.05, p<0.001) compared to their BMI-matched without T2D group. People with morbid obesity had low AIP (−0.083±0.06). Vascular age was significantly higher in people with morbid obesity and T2D (65.8±3.7year, p<0.0001) compared to morbid obesity (37.9±2.6 year). After one year, AIP was significantly reduced compared to baseline score in people with morbid obesity with/without T2D, respectively (−0.135±0.07, p=0.003; and −0.36±0.04, p=0.0002). Conclusion. Our data illuminates AIP as a reliable predictive index for CVD risk in morbid-obese people who had no history of CVD. Moreover, AIP accurately distinguishes between morbid obesity with T2D and morbid obesity and showed a rapid and significant reduction in CVD risk after LSG in people who had no history of CVD. This is a ClinicalTrials.gov registered trial (Reference NCT03038373).

Elevated baseline ANGPTL8 in participants with diabetes at baseline reflected a link to T2D. Interestingly, the unique biphasic pattern of change in fasting ANGPTL8 post-LSG, occurred only in people with diabetes, suggesting ANGPTL8's potential role in T2D remission.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for several disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and diabetes mellitus. Daily levels physical activity (PA) has been purported to influence the systemic circulation of cytokines, affecting the overall activation of TLRs and influencing the inflammatory milieu. Objective and self-reported daily PA was tracked in 69 normal-weight adults. Freedson's cut-offs categorized daily PA intensity into the 25th lowest, medium, and top percentiles. Monocytic TLR2 expression was quantified by flow cytometry in fresh whole blood. Cross-sectional associations between flow cytometry measured TLR2+ subsets and clinical biomarkers were evaluated. PA increased circulation of TLR2+ monocytes. TLR2 expression was adversely corelated with reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) levels. However, regression analysis indicated that only TG levels were independently linked with TLR2+ subsets in circulation in active participants. Higher daily levels of physical activity are associated with improved cardiovascular blood markers and elevated circulatory monocytic TLR2+ subsets. These findings suggest that TLR2 may play a role in modulating CVD risk factors in individuals leading physically active lifestyles.