Introduction: The effect on thyroid hormones on electrolytes and minerals has not been well established and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Only few data on the association between thyroid function and electrolyte disorders exists. Thus our aim was to assess the levels of serum electrolytes and minerals in the patients with thyroid disorders. Materials and methods: 75 patients and 30 controls were included. Thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TSH) were measured by vidas autoanalyser. Serum calcium, phosphorous and magnesium were estimated by kit based method using semiautoanalyser. Serum sodium, potassium and chlorides were estimated using ion selective electrodes. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16. Results: Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism showed significant decrease in serum calcium and sodium levels and significant increase in serum phosphorous, magnesium, potassium and chloride levels (p<0.05). In case of subclinical hyperthyroidism significant difference could not be obtained among controls and patients (p>0.05). However for overt hyperthyroid patients, serum phosphorous was significantly decreased and serum sodium was increased significantly (p<0.05). Rest of the results were non significant. When correlated with TSH, serum calcium and sodium showed negative correlation whereas it was positive for serum phosphorous, magnesium, potassium and chloride in case of hypothyroidism. For hyperthyroid patients, correlation was negative for magnesium and chloride whereas positive for the rest parameters. But none of correlations were statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Thyroid patients should be regularly checked for serum electrolytes. Early detection and treatment can prevent the further complications and will be helpful during the management of thyroid patients.
Background: One of the leading causes of diabetic mortality is cardiovascular disease. Diabetes progression is preceded by pre-diabetic phase which is also at higher cardiovascular risk. Both hyperglycemia and atherosclerotic processes are inflammatory phenomenon. Keeping this in view, it was aimed to evaluate atherogenic indices and correlate them with inflammatory mediators.Methods: This study included 80 controls, 80 pre-diabetic and 80 diabetic patients. Anthropometric parameters (BMI, WHR) and blood parameters like fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile (cholesterol, HDL, LDL TG, VLDL), adiponectin, IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen and uric acid were analysed.Results: Significantly high atherogenic indices were observed in pre-diabetic and diabetic subjects compared to healthy controls. The indices were also significantly correlated with BMI, fasting sugar, HbA1c, cholesterol, HDL, TG and LDL. The correlation with HDL was negative and with other parameters, the correlation was positive. In pre-diabetic patients, adiponectin showed significant negative correlation while fibrinogen and CRP showed significant positive correlation with cardiac risk indices. IL-6 was positively correlated only with AIP while correlation of uric acid with these indices was insignificant. In case of diabetic patients, the cardiac risk indices were significantly correlated with adiponectin, IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen and uric acid. The correlation with adiponectin was negative.Conclusions: The altered atherogenic indices and their significant association with inflammatory markers signify the direct association of inflammation with CVD risks. Thus, there is requirement of novel approaches that can retard inflammatory responses and arrest unwanted cardiac health outcomes.
Background: Hypertension is a hallmark risk factor for coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular stroke, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiomyopahy and abnormal renal function. Free radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension by altering endothelial function via oxidative stress. Aims & Objective: To assess the level of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: 100 hypertensive patients and 25 healthy controls were included. Serum levels of enzymes and MDA were estimated by spectrophotometric methods. Results: The level of antioxidant enzymes were significantly lower and MDA was significantly higher in hypertensive patients as compared to controls (p<0.05). For SOD, significant difference could not be obtained between controls and stage I hypertensives with drugs (p>0.05). We also compared the enzymes and MDA level within the hypertensive groups. Significant results were obtained (p<0.05, 0.01). On comparison between stage I and stage II hypertensive without and with drugs, we found that hypertensive patients on drug have significantly higher level of antioxidant enzymes and lower level of MDA than those without anti-hypertensive drugs (p<0.01). Conclusion: Our study shows that hypertension is associated with oxidative stress. Adequate control of blood pressure and antihypertensive therapy decrease the oxidative stress, improves antioxidant status and endothelial function.
Pregnancy is associated various physiological changes in order to ensure care, support and protection of the developing embryo and also prepare mother for labour and delivery. These changes influence all physical, physiological, biochemical and immunological status of the mother. Normal physiological changes that are observed include missed period, nausea, fatigue, motion sickness, mood swings, bloating, and tenderness in breast while biochemical and immunological changes include change in levels of blood levels of certain parameters like urea, creatinine, human chorionic gonadotropin, localisation of immune-modulators in uterus etc. This review highlights the important changes taking place during normal pregnancy so that it may aid in educating the expectant mothers regarding such changes facilitate them to cope up with proper health care.
Our aim was to determine the association of diabetes mellitus with ABO and Rhesus(Rh) blood groups. 100 blood samples were taken(50 healthy controls and 50 diabetic patients) and analysed for blood sugar(GODPOD method) and blood group(using standard antisera). Patients having fasting blood sugar>126mg/dl were considered diabetic. Statistical analysis was done using chi-square test. Frequency of blood group B was high in both patients(46%) and controls(44%). The order of distribution in both groups were similar(i.e B>O>A>AB). Blood groups A(16%) and O(36%) were more common in control groups whereas AB(8%) in diabetics. Rh positivie blood group was more frequent in diabetics than compared to controls. No association of blood group and Rh factor with diabetes mellitus was observed(p>0.05). Similarly genderwise association also could not be developed(p>0.05). No association existed between blood group and diabetes mellitus. Extensive study is needed to establish the correlation.
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