The extent to which children's visual memories were modified by subsequent verbal information was examined. In 2 experiments, 6-, 8-, and 10-year-old children and college students were asked questions after being shown slides. Some questions described events that appeared in the slides and other questions described events not depicted. In experiment 1 correct recall of the visual events was facilitated by congruent verbal information and impaired by incongruent verbal information. When subjects demonstrated good memory for the original visual events, the effects of the verbal information increased with age. In experiment 2, the effects of verbal information on visual recognition performance were evaluated. Correct recognition of study slides and false recognition of distractor slides increased when the questions presented information depicted in the appropriate slides. Again, the influence of verbal information increased with age only when subjects demonstrated correct recognition of control slides. These results illustrate the increasing interdependence of the verbal and visual systems with age.
The cumulative hierarchical assumption of Bloom's Taxonomy was tested by orienting American and Australian subjects at four Taxonomic levels (Knowledge, Application, Synthesis, Evaluation) to the same study material and subsequently administering an unexpected memory test. With the exception of the Evaluation category, recall generally increased, as predicted, as Taxonomic level increased. Bloom's Taxonomy appears to possess some cross-national validity, at least for the two nationalities sampled, since the overall recall performance of the Americans and Australians was quite similar. In general, moderate support is obtained for the cumulative hierarchical assumption, but it is concluded that the Evaluation category is misplaced as the apex level of the Taxonomy.Part of the data reported in the present study formed the basis of a thesis submitted by Ronald Cohen to the University of New Orleans in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the master's degree.Requests for reprints should be sent to
Psychiatric diagnoses based on the International Classification of Diseases--Ninth Revision were examined in the medical discharge records of 33,000 emergency department (ED) patients to determine if (a) psychiatric disorders were underdiagnosed, (b) there were race and gender disparities in psychiatric rates, and (c) psychiatric rates varied as a function of type of injury (e.g., self vs. other-inflicted injuries) and medical diagnosis. The observed psychiatric rate of 5.27% was far below the national prevalence rate of 20%-28%. Both race groups were underdiagnosed, but the underdiagnosis was larger for African Americans. Younger patients had fewer psychiatric diagnoses than older patients. Men had more psychiatric diagnoses overall, whereas women had more mood and anxiety diagnoses. Self-injury patients had much higher psychiatric rates than the other injury groups. This psychiatric underdiagnosis contributes to needless emotional suffering, especially for minorities and the poor who rely on EDs for most of their health care.
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