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The chromosomal aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus test (MN) were employed to investigate the in vitro effect of antimicrobial food additive benzoic acid on human chromosomes. Lymphocytes were incubated with various concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 500 lg/ mL) of benzoic acid. The results of used assays showed that benzoic acid significantly increased the chromosomal aberration, sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus frequency (200 and 500 lg/mL) without changing the pH of the medium in a dosedependent manner. Also this additive significantly decreased the mitotic index (MI) at the highest concentration for 24 h and 100, 200 and 500 lg/mL for 48 h. This decrease was dose-dependent as well. However, it did not effect the replication (RI) and nuclear division (NDI) indices.

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Clastogenic properties of the food additive citric acid, commonly used as an antioxidant, were analysed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Citric acid induced a significant increase of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) at all the concentrations and treatment periods tested. Citric acid significantly decreased mitotic index (MI) at 100 and 200 mug ml(-1) concentrations at 24 h, and in all concentrations at 48 h. However, it did not decrease the replication index (RI) significantly. Citric acid also significantly increased sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) at 100 and 200 mug ml(-1) concentrations at 24 h, and in all concentrations at 48 h. This chemical significantly increased the micronuclei frequency (MN) compared to the negative control. It also decreased the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI), but this result was not statistically significant.

In vitro genotoxic effects of antioxidant additives, such as citric acid (CA) and phosphoric acid (PA) and their combination, as well as antimicrobial additives, such as benzoic acid (BA) and calcium propionate (CP), on human lymphocytes were determined using alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. There was a significant increase in the DNA damage in human lymphocytes after 1 h of in vitro exposure to CA, PA, BA and CP (200, 25-200, 50-500, 50-1000 μg/mL, respectively). The combination of CA and PA significantly increased the mean tail intensity at all the concentrations used (25-200 μg/mL) and significantly increased the mean tail length mainly after higher concentrations (100 and 200 μg/mL). Data in this study showed that the concentrations of food additives used induce DNA damage and PA was the most genotoxic and CA was less genotoxic additives among them.