Anthracnose is a crop disease usually caused by fungi in the genus Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium. These are considered one of the main pathogens, causing significant economic losses, such as in peppers and guarana. The current forms of control include the use of resistant cultivars, sanitary pruning and fungicides. However, even with the use of some methods of controlling these cultures, the crops are not free of anthracnose. Additionally, excessive application of fungicides increases the resistance of pathogens to agrochemicals and cause harm to human health and the environment. In order to find natural antifungal agents against guarana anthracnose, endophytic fungi were isolated from Amazon guarana. The compounds piliformic acid and cytochalasin D were isolated by chromatographic techniques from two Xylaria spp., guided by assays with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The isolated compounds were identified by spectrometric techniques, as NMR and mass spectrometry. This is the first report that piliformic acid and cytochalasin D have antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides with MIC 2.92 and 2.46 μmol mL−1 respectively. Captan and difenoconazole were included as positive controls (MIC 16.63 and 0.02 μmol mL−1, respectively). Thus, Xylaria species presented a biotechnological potential and production of different active compounds which might be promising against anthracnose disease.

ResumoO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de produtos orgânicos em comparação com adubação mineral no desenvolvimento do crisântemo. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso, composto por 7 tratamentos, 9 repetições: T1 (100% de substrato comercial-SC+ adubação mineral-AM1); T2 (100% SC + AM2); T3 (100% SC + AM3); T4 (100% SC + AM4); T5 (70% SC + 30% esterco bovino); T6 (70% SC + 30% de esterco de ovinos); T7 (70% SC + 30% esterco de aves). A adubação mineral foi realizada na forma de fertirrigação com AM1 = (nitrato de cálcio 0,2g L -1 , sulfato de amônio 0,4 g L -1 , nitrato de potássio 0,2 g L -1 , sulfato de magnésio 0,3 g L -1 e mono amônio fosfato 0,05g L -1 ), na dose de 50 ml por vaso; AM2 = ULTRAFLOR ® (12% N, 6% P 2 O 5 , 12% K 2 O), aplicando 0,8g vaso -1 , mensalmente; AM3= NUTRIVERDE ® (13% N, 13% P 2 O 5 , 15% K 2 O, 1% Ca, 4% S, 1% Mg, 0,05% B, 0,005% Co, 0,05% Cu, 0,2% Fe, 0,005% Mo, 0,1% Zn), aplicando 2,6 g L -1 , 100 mL vaso, quinzenalmente e AM4 =OURO VERDE ® (15% N, 15% P 2 O 5 , 20% K 2 O), aplicando 2,0g vaso -1 , quinzenalmente. Foram amostrados o número de hastes secundárias, altura de planta, diâmetro da haste e das inflorescências, número de folhas e de inflorescências e peso da massa verde da parte aérea. Recomenda-se a adubação mineral formulada (T1) ou a adubação com esterco bovino ou de aves. Dentre os produtos comercias, o nutriverde ® pode ser utilizado. Palavras chave: Adubo orgânico, substrato. Dendranthema grandiflora AbstractThe objective was to evaluated organic products in comparison with mineral fertilization in the growth of chrysanthemum crop. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and nine replications. The treatments were T1 (100% of commercial substratum -CS+ mineral fertilization -AM1); T2 (100% of CS + AM2); T3 (100% of CS + AM3); T4 (100% of CS + AM4); T5 (70% of CS + 30% bovine manure); T6 (70% of CS + 30% of sheep manure); T7 (70% of CS + 30% poultry manure). The mineral fertilization was carried through fertigation with AM1 = (calcium nitrate 0,2g L -1 , ammonium sulphate 0,4 g L -1 , potassium nitrate 0,2 g L -1 , magnesium sulphate 0,3 g L -1 and mono ammonium 0,05 phosphate g L -1 ), in the dosage of 50 ml for pot, AM2 = ULTRAFLOR® (12% N, 6% P2O5, 12% K2O), applying 0,8g pot -1 , monthly, AM3= Nutriverde® = 13% N, 13% P2O5, 15% K2O, 1% Here, 4% S, 1% Mg, 0.05% B, 0.005% Co, 0.05% Cu, 0.2% Faith, 0.005% Me, 0.1% Zn, applying 2,6 g L-1 (100 m L pot -1 ), fortnightly and AM4 =Ouro Verde® = 15% N, 15% P2O5, 20% K2O, applying 2,0 g pot -1, fortnightly. It was evaluated the number of secondary stems, plant height,

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The vinasse is a by-product generated during the manufacture of alcohol from sugarcane fermentation. Rich in organic matter, it is known that the vinasse has the potential to be used as a source of nutrients for plants as well as microorganisms. In this study, the fungi Pleurotus sajor-caju, P. ostreatus, P. albidus and P. flabellatus were cultivated in vinasse and utilised as a complementary diet for Danio rerio fish. The fungi mycelia cultured in vinasse for 15 days were lyophilised and offered to the fishes at a rate of 2% (medium/body weight) for 28 days. P. albidus produced the highest biomass (16.27 g L−1). Bromatological analysis of mycelia showed similar values to commercial rations. Toxicity tests showed that fish survival was 100% and no significant biomass loss was observed, indicating that the tested fungi grown in vinasse showed no toxicity. Our results showed that vinasse is a promising by-product for fungal growth and the mycelia of Pleurotus sp. fungi can be included in the diets of fish as a nutritional supplement.

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Comparative metabolomics analysis of nonphytotoxic endophytic Colletotrichum spp. isolated from Anthurium alcatrazense endemic to Alcatrazes island (Brazil) and phytopathogenic Colletotrichum spp. isolated from the mainland of Brazil revealed significant differences in chemical composition. Examination of endophytic Colletotrichum spp. from Alcatrazes island led to the discovery of a 26-member macrolactone, colletotrichumolide (1), containing a phosphatidyl choline side chain. Further examination of the phytopathogenic strains from the mainland identified a family of phytopathogenic metabolites not present in the nonpathogenic island-derived strains, suggesting that geographical isolation could influence the secondary metabolism of fungal strains.

Nádia pelo companheirismo, ensinamentos e por toda ajuda. Aos meus pais pelo amor, confiança e pela educação que me proporcionaram. Agradeço por serem exemplos de dedicação e perseverança.