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Currently, there are existing technologies for high-temperature waste disposal, which use the resulting gas as fuel for recycling newly formed waste. However, the composition of waste is not constant, and contents of their components are different, thus, the need for fuel gas for burning is not stable. Therefore, such gas is constantly lost. Thus, the purpose of the article is to present the study results of the energy efficiency of high-temperature waste disposal technology, which includes low-temperature separation of the resulting gas mixtures, which allows accumulating fuel products. By means of numerical simulation an analysis of the functioning of energy-technological facility of separation of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures with the subsequent optimization of its parameters in order to improve its efficiency and decrease energy costs for waste gasification was performed. For this purpose, the classical approach and generally accepted thermodynamics relations were used, including the Peng-Robinson equation of state for the description of coefficients of heat-physical characteristics of working bodies. The complexity of calculation of multicomponent systems (with three and more components) does not allow application of the state diagrams. Thus, for the simulation of heat-physical characteristics the REFPROP program was employed. The energy efficiency of the proposed technology of energy resources production at waste utilization was shown. The amount of products obtained by the facility is equal to 5.242 kg/hour of the fuel product No. 1 with methane content of 99.98% and 54.76 kg/hour of the fuel product No. 2 with low quantity of methane. This confirms the economic efficiency of such technology of disposal.

Виконано аналіз втрат в вихідних параметрах сонячних елементів на основі телуриду кадмію, які зумовлені особливостями конструкції приладової структури і фотоелектричними процесами, які відбуваються в її об'ємі при поглинанні світла. Досліджено реалізовані підходи до підвищення коефіцієнта корисної дії фотоелемента на основі CdS/CdTe і їх результативність. Запропоновано шляхи підвищення ефективності таких плівкових сонячних елементів при удосконаленні способу отримання тильного контакту Ключові слова: плівковий сонячний елемент, гетероструктура, телурид кадмію, вихідні параметри, тильний контакт

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to cover some aspects about the disposal and regulatory standard around the world toward hospital effluent discharge, its managements and treatment technologies that are adopted and best suitable nowadays. Design/methodology/approach Due to large and variety of antibiotics available in the market nowadays it is difficult to control its use, thereby risking the whole ecosystem and its components. The regulation pattern is variable depending upon the various factors in different countries. The permissible limit of these emerging pollutants found in sewage as compared to in hospital effluent streams having active pharmaceutical ingredients is very narrow and is a debatable issue. Findings The disparity in the available legislation for hospital waste management in different countries makes it difficult to compare pro’s and con’s of methods adopted. Strict laws need to be framed for hospital wastewater management and its treatment, as it contains harmful compounds in higher concentrations resulting in development of resistant genes. The guideline applicable nowadays makes it clear that, specific management guidelines with respect to HWW, but also indicate certain characteristics that can be represented to specify their nature and indicator. Research limitations/implications Determination of effluent characteristic for each specialized treatment need to be analyzed for meeting the framed regulatory standards. Up-gradation of existing treatment facilities, adopting new technologies and improving operation, maintained is a viable option. As there are no specific treatment schemes available hence combination and optimization of treatment methods may solve the problem to certain extent. Practical implications There is some flexibility also there so that law framework can be modified accordingly. For any health facilities direct discharges into natural water bodies it effluent need to follow national discharge standards. These are quite strict as compared to indirect standards and generally not meet by such facilities. This is quite logical because they are not being monitored or treated by municipal systems. Social implications The law indicates that hospital needed to collect and treat effluent according to the treatment standards. But on other hand the law was made making it consideration about the HWW collection in water bodies. Originality/value The best way of management as described, is to treat HWW onsite-dividing into primary, secondary and tertiary. The document also provides details about sludge disposal, possible reuse, including the application of new and innovative treatment technologies for HWW. It also provides guidance for minimum approach for HWW management because developing countries patients do not have proper sanitation facilities.