Increasing salt intake has substantial negative impacts on human health and well-being. This article focused on the construction of Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework for drinking water sodium (DWS) followed by a review on the published studies regarding salinity intrusion, DWS, and their effects on health perspectives in Bangladesh. Saline water is an important factor for hypertension or high blood pressure in the coastal areas. DWS can also lead women, especially pregnant women, to an increased risk of (pre)eclampsia, hypertension, as well as infant mortality. Several interventions, such as rainwater harvesting, pond sand filter (PSF) system, managed aquifer recharge (MAR), and pilot scale solar-powered desalination plants, such as reverse osmosis (RO), were reviewed on the context of their effectiveness in controlling drinking water sodium. Although rainwater consumption has the positive impact of low or no sodium intake, it still possesses negative impacts from not having vital minerals. A steady increment in sodium concentration through the span of the dry season was observed in MAR. It is, subsequently, important to increase awareness on DWS intake by providing and adopting correct technological interventions and training communities on the maintenance of the adaptive measures.

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BACKGROUND: There is concern that DNA damage may occur in skin cells due to UV irradiation. In this study, we investigated whether extracts from grape skin, which should be discarded, can suppress DNA damage caused by UV radiation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effectivity of GSE in diminishing UV-induced cytotoxicity in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) cells. METHODS: The polyphenol content in GSE was carried out using the HPLC instrument. UV dose was selected by measurement of cell viability, and ELISA results of DNA photoproduct. Optimum extracts condition of grape skin selected by DNA photoproduct content as well as at this condition; Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cytochrome c gene expressions were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS: In this study, we confirmed that GSE protect against DNA damage-induced cell death. Condition for 80% EtOH for 24 h at 60 °C was suitable to extract for grape skin. Red grape skin (Zweigelt) was more effective than white grape skin (Niagara) in preventing (before irradiation) and repairing (after irradiation). UV-induced upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cytochrome c expression were reduced by GSE treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated a promising potential of GSEs in skin therapeutics application.