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The prediction and pre-evaluation of the thermal properties and combustion-related problems (e.g., emissions and ash-related problems) are critical to reducing emissions and improving combustion efficiency during the agricultural crop residues combustion process. This study integrated the higher heating value (HHV) model, specific heat model, and fuel indices as a new systematic approach to characterize the agricultural crop residues. Sixteen linear and non-linear regression models were developed from three main compositions of the ultimate analysis (e.g., C, H, and O) to predict the HHV of the agricultural crop residues. Newly developed HHV models have been validated with lower estimation errors and a higher degree of accuracy than the existing models. The specific heat of flue gas during the combustion process was estimated from the concentrations of C, H, O, S, and ash content under various excess air (EA) ratios and flue gas temperatures. The specific heat of agricultural crop residues was between 1.033 to 1.327 kJ/kg·K, while it was increased by decreasing the EA ratios and elevating the temperature of the flue gas. Combustion-related problems, namely corrosions, PM1.0 emissions, SOx, HCl, and ash-related problems were predicted using the fuel indices along with S and Cl concentrations, and ash compositions. Results showed that agricultural crop residues pose a severe corrosion risk and lower ash sintering temperature. This integrated approach can be applied to a wide range of biomass before the actual combustion process which may predict thermal-chemical properties and reduce the potential combustion-related emissions.

In the past few decades, water and air were commonly used as working fluid to evaluate shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) performance. This study was undertaken to estimate heat transfer coefficients and evaluate performance in the pilot-scale twisted tube-based STHE using the flue gas from biomass co-combustion as working fluid. Theoretical calculation along with experimental results were used to calculate the specific heat of flue gas. A simplified model was then developed from the integration of two heat transfer methods to predict the overall heat transfer coefficient without tedious calculation of individual heat transfer coefficients and fouling factors. Performance including water and trailer temperature, heat load, effectiveness, and overall heat transfer coefficient were jointly investigated under variable operating conditions. Results indicated that the specific heat of flue gas from co-combustion ranging between 1.044 and 1.338 kJ/kg·K while specific heat was increased by increasing flue gas temperature and decreasing excess air ratio. The developed mathematical model was validated to have relatively small errors to predict the overall heat transfer coefficient. A flue gas mass flow rate of 61.3–98.8 kg/h, a water flow rate of 13.7–14.1 L/min, and a parallel arrangement of two water-to-air heaters in an empty trailer were found to be optimal conditions for space heating purpose. In addition, a lower poultry litter feeding rate decreased heat loss of flue gas and increased heat gain of water, while a lower water flow rate also provided a lower maximum possible heat transfer rate with a higher actual heat transfer rate to quickly achieve heat equilibrium that ultimately improves the performance. This study demonstrates the possibility of collecting residual heat from the flue gas using the pilot-scale STHE system while outlining a systematic approach and process for evaluating its performance.

Poultry litter is one type of biomass and waste generated from the farming process. This study performed a performance and process analysis of poultry litter to energy using the lab-scale shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) system along with a Stirling engine and a swirling fluidized bed combustor (SFBC). The effects of tube shape, flow direction, and water flow rates on water and trailer temperature changes were investigated during the poultry litter co-combustion process. Energy flow analysis and emissions were also studied. Results showed that the water outlet temperature of 62.8 ° C in the twisted tube was higher than the straight tube case (58.3 ° C ) after 130 min of the co-combustion process. It was found that the counter-current direction had higher water temperature changes, higher logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD), and higher trailer temperature changes than the co-current direction. A water flow rate of 4.54 L/min showed adequate heat absorption in the lab-scale STHE system and heat rejection in the trailer. Results indicated that the lab-scale STHE system has a conversion efficiency of 42.3% and produces hot water (at about 63.9 ° C ) along with lower emissions. This research study confirmed that poultry litter can be used to generate energy (e.g., hot water and electricity) by using a lab-scale biomass conversion system for space heating applications.

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Compared with the waste-to-heat and electricity-based hybrid refrigeration system, the innovative lab-scale refrigeration system integrated with the DC and AC cooling units that able to use solar and electricity as energy resources. Previous studies found that temperature control and uniform temperature distribution in refrigeration systems are both critical factors reducing vibrio growth on raw oysters and saving energy consumption. Therefore, this refrigeration system also equipped a specially designed divider and was used to test various air circulation strategies to achieve uniform temperature distribution in six individual compartments. The objective is to investigate and evaluate the effects of air circulation strategies and operating conditions on the cooling performance, including temperature distribution, standard deviation of compartment temperatures, and cooling time using a factorial design method. Results indicated the maximum temperature difference between the compartments was 8.9 ± 2.0 °C, 6.7 ± 2.0 °C, and 4.8 ± 2.0 °C in the scenarios of no air circulation, natural air circulation, and combined natural and forced air circulation, respectively. The interaction of fan location and fan direction showed a significant effect on the compartment temperatures while there was no significant effect on cooling time. A circulation fan on the lower part of the 12-volt section with an air supply from the 12- to 110-volt section was determined as the optimal condition to achieve relatively uniform temperature distribution. Refrigeration system also achieved a cooling temperature of 7.2 °C within 150 min to meet regulations. To that end, the innovative hybrid oyster refrigeration system will benefit oyster industries, as well as the aquaculture farmers in terms of complying with regulations and energy savings.

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