Design and Evaluation of the Lab-Scale Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHE) for Poultry Litter to Energy Production

Qian, Xuejun; Yang, Yulai; Lee, Seong W.

doi:10.3390/pr8050500

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In addition to rapid growth, the poplar cultivation technique can be tailored to serve diverse applications. For instance, construction wood, paper pulp, and biofuel are promising applications to poplar tree; just like other biomass including algae and poultry waste [10,16], poplar showcased promising results to produce fuel [17,18]. In addition, poplar ability to grow on waste water promoted its phytoremediation capacity [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spanish Poplar Biomass as a Precursor for Nanocellulose Extraction

Mehanny

Magd²,

Sorbara

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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The effect of acidic hydrolysis duration on nanocellulose size, morphology, and proper ties was investigated, which opens up a whole new horizon of versatility in poplar applications. This study aimed to examine Spanish poplar wastes as raw material to extract crystalline nanocellulose (CNC), which substantiates the importance of poplar wastes. Wastes were pulped using 1 L of 10% NaOH (wt./wt.) solution, and bleached several times by NaClO2; afterwards, white wastes were subjected to acidic hydrolysis by 60% H2SO4 for either 5, 10, or 15 min. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) underwent a similar hydrolysis protocol as poplar as control. TEM, IR, and XRD characterization techniques were performed. Poplar based nanocellulose sized 219 nm length and 69 nm width after 15 min acidic hydrolysis. MCC yielded 122 nm length and 12 nm width crystals after 10 min acidic hydrolysis. Hydrolysis resulted in a drastic change and intense peaks at 3500 and 2900 cm−1 for nanocellulose. Although pre-hydrolysis fiber treatment was not influencial on the crystallinity of poplar, acidic hydrolysis remarkably raised the crystallinity index (CI) by 7–8%. The more hydrolysis duration was prolonged, the size of the resulting crystal (whisker) decreased, and the aspect ratio increased. Hydrolysis was more impactful on MCC than poplar. However, for future work, it seems that longer duration of pulping and bleaching could have significantly removed unwanted components (hemicellulose and lignin), showcased in IR and XRD, and hence smoothened the following hydrolysis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spanish Poplar Biomass as a Precursor for Nanocellulose Extraction

Mehanny

Magd²,

Sorbara

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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“…Poultry litter is affected when moisture and relative humidity is increased above 70% in room/poultry house. In a result, ammonia (above 70 ppm) production increases which affects bird's health and reduces growth [24][25][26].…”

Section: Heat Stress and Poultry Air-conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan)

et al. 2021

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Poultry are one of the most vulnerable species of its kind once the temperature-humidity nexus is explored. This is so because the broilers lack sweat glands as compared to humans and undergo panting process to mitigate their latent heat (moisture produced in the body) in the air. As a result, moisture production inside poultry house needs to be maintained to avoid any serious health and welfare complications. Several strategies such as compressor-based air-conditioning systems have been implemented worldwide to attenuate the heat stress in poultry, but these are not economical. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly improved evaporative cooling systems (DEC, IEC, MEC) from the viewpoint of heat stress in poultry houses. Thermodynamic analysis of these systems was carried out for the climatic conditions of Multan, Pakistan. The results appreciably controlled the environmental conditions which showed that for the months of April, May, and June, the decrease in temperature by direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and Maisotsenko-Cycle evaporative cooling (MEC) systems is 7–10 °C, 5–6.5 °C, and 9.5–12 °C, respectively. In case of July, August, and September, the decrease in temperature by DEC, IEC, and MEC systems is 5.5–7 °C, 3.5–4.5 °C, and 7–7.5 °C, respectively. In addition, drop in temperature-humidity index (THI) values by DEC, IEC, and MEC is 3.5–9 °C, 3–7 °C, and 5.5–10 °C, respectively for all months. Optimum temperature and relative humidity conditions are determined for poultry birds and thereby, systems’ performance is thermodynamically evaluated for poultry farms from the viewpoint of THI, temperature-humidity-velocity index (THVI), and thermal exposure time (ET). From the analysis, it is concluded that MEC system performed relatively better than others due to its ability of dew-point cooling and achieved THI threshold limit with reasonable temperature and humidity indexes.

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“…Many kinds of heat exchangers are utilized globally, and they differ due to the requirements placed on them. Shell and tube, plate and shell, double pipe, plate fin, and pillow plate are some examples of the types of industrial-scale heat exchangers [1]. Factors such as fluid flow rate and type and direction of the tube flow impact the performance of a heat exchanger [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Thermal Conductivity and Borehole Thermal Resistance in Selected Borehole Heat Exchangers for the Same Geology

et al. 2022

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Investigating the constructions of borehole heat exchangers with high efficiency (unit heat transfer between the heat carrier and ground) is important. One of the means to improve efficiency is the use of the most efficient construction of the borehole heat exchanger. The paper describes research on borehole heat exchangers’ thermal efficiency, which is mainly characterized by parameters obtained from a thermal response test: effective thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistivity. The borehole heat exchangers of the Laboratory of Geoenergetics in Poland were studied. Based on thermal response test interpretation and empirical equations, one of which is proprietary, the heat transfer is calculated independent of the duration of the thermal response test. Other conditions for using borehole heat exchangers in downtowns are discussed. The research aims to determine the best borehole heat exchanger design from five basic possibilities studied. A lack of unequivocal statements regarding this matter in the literature was observed. The influence of the interpretation method on the research results is determined. A single U-tube system filled with gravel is shown to be the most advantageous design by a very small margin. The applied interpretation methods, however, confirm the hitherto ambiguity in the selection of the best construction. The maximum heat carrier temperature at the end of thermal response tests was 32 °C for a geological profile mostly made up of clay (low thermal conductivity) and 23 °C for Carpathian flysch (sandstones and shales, with a higher value of conductivity).

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Design and Evaluation of the Lab-Scale Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHE) for Poultry Litter to Energy Production

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Spanish Poplar Biomass as a Precursor for Nanocellulose Extraction

Spanish Poplar Biomass as a Precursor for Nanocellulose Extraction

Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan)

Effective Thermal Conductivity and Borehole Thermal Resistance in Selected Borehole Heat Exchangers for the Same Geology

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