Influência da cultura antecessora e da adubação nitrogenada na produtividade de milho em sistema plantio direto

P, K, Ca and Mg accumulation and release by sunnhemp and millet in monocrop and intercroppingThe characteristics of legumes and grasses used as cover crops are well known, but the release rate of nutrients associated with plant biomass becomes available to crops is still little studied. The objective of this work was to quantify the nutrient accumulation and release of sunnhemp and millet in monocrop and intercropping. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. The treatments were sunnhemp, millet, sunnhemp + millet and weeds. The accumulation of P and Mg was strongly influenced by the dry matter yield, reaching high values in the presence of sunnhemp, while the accumulation of Ca was a result of both the high content and the high dry mater yield in the treatments with the leguminous. The rate of nutrient release showed similar dynamics, with two distinct phases: the first with higher release, in first the 15 days and the second, slowest, from this phase. The intercropping did not affect the release rates of K, Ca and Mg, while the presence of sunnhemp enhanced the release of N. Sunnhemp Acúmulo e liberação de P, K, Ca e Mg em crotalária e milheto solteiros e consorciadosAs características das leguminosas e gramíneas usadas como plantas de cobertura são bastante conhecidas, mas a velocidade com que os nutrientes associados à biomassa vegetal tornam-se disponíveis às culturas é ainda pouco estudada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o acúmulo e a taxa de liberação de nutrientes de crotalária e milheto solteiros ou consorciados. O delineamento experimental adotado foi blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram crotalária, milheto, crotalária + milheto e vegetação espontânea. O acúmulo de P e Mg foi influenciado pela produção de massa, com valores elevados na crotalária, enquanto o acúmulo de Ca resultou tanto do maior teor quanto da maior produção de massa nos tratamentos com a leguminosa. A liberação de nutrientes dos resíduos apresentou dinâmica semelhante, com duas fases distintas: a primeira com taxas mais elevadas nos primeiros 15 dias e a segunda mais lenta a partir dessa fase. As taxas de liberação de K, Ca e Mg foram semelhantes, independentemente dos tratamentos. Os resíduos da crotalária apresentaram maior liberação de P do que as da vegetação espontânea, com meia vida de 11 dias e a vegetação espontânea de 17 dias. O Ca foi liberado mais lentamente do que os demais nutrientes, e o Mg mais rapidamente. As plantas espontâneas e o milheto apresentam importante potencial na reciclagem de K, e a crotalária se destacou na reciclagem de Ca e Mg.Palavras-Chave: Adubação verde, reciclagem de nutrientes, Crotalaria juncea L., Pennisetum americanum L.

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The objective was to evaluate milk production, N2-fixation and N transfer, forage yield and composition (under two cutting intervals) in a silvopastoral system (SPS) with Leucaena leucocephala-Megathyrsus maximus and M. maximus-monoculture (MMM) with crossbred cows in a completely randomized design. Forage yield in the SPS was 6490 and 6907 kg DM ha−1 for cutting intervals (CI) of 35 and 50 days. Forage yield for the MMM was 7284 and 10,843 kg DM ha−1, and forage crude protein (CP) was 29.0% and 26.1% for L. leucocephala, harvested at 35 and 50 days, respectively. CP for the associated M. maximus was 9.9% and 7.8% for CI 35 and 50 days, respectively, and for MMM was 7.4% and 8.4%, harvested at 35 and 50 days. Milk production was 4.7 kg cow−1 day−1 for cows grazing MMM and 7.4 kg cow−1 day−1 under SPS. Nitrogen fixation in L. leucocephala (%Ndfa) was estimated to be 89% and 95%, at 35 and 50 days, with an N2 transfer to the associated grass of 34.3% and 52.9%. SPS has the potential to fix and transfer important amounts of N2 to the associated grass, and increase forage CP content and milk production.

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