Digitalization combined with globalization is the current megatrend that impacting the international business landscape and creates opportunities for new business models. Embracing digitalization enables firms for speedy internationalization. Although the phenomenon of early internationalization has received increasing attention in the field of International Entrepreneurship over the past decades, however, there is a lack of focus on the role of digitalization that allows a higher speed of internationalization. This paper proposes a model that highlights the moderating role of digitalization on international business competencies and speed of internationalization. We argue that small and medium enterprises able to enter international markets more rapidly due to the impact of digitalization. This study addresses a gap in the literature and practical development needs for better understanding the impact of digitalization on the speed of internationalization. The limitations and implications of this study will be discussed for theoretical development and future research direction.
The association between human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and oral cancer has been widely reported. However, detecting anti-HPV antibodies in patient sera to determine risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been well studied. In the present investigation, a total of 206 OSCC serum samples from the Malaysian Oral Cancer Database & Tissue Bank System, with 134 control serum samples, were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) to detect HPV16-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. In addition, nested PCR analysis using comprehensive consensus primers (PGMY09/11 and GP5+/6+) was used to confirm the presence of HPV. Furthermore, we have evaluated the association of various additional causal factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, and betel quid chewing) in HPV-infected OSCC patients. Statistical analysis of the Malaysian population indicated that OSCC was more prevalent in female Indian patients that practices betel quid chewing. ELISA revealed that HPV16 IgG, which demonstrates past exposure, could be detected in 197 (95.6%) OSCC patients and HPV16-specific IgM was found in a total of 42 (20.4%) OSCC patients, indicating current exposure. Taken together, our study suggest that HPV infection may play a significant role in OSCC (OR: 13.6; 95% CI: 3.89-47.51) and HPV16-specific IgG and IgM antibodies could represent a significant indicator of risk factors in OSCC patients.
Life insurance as a financial tool is essential to both individuals and the economy for the promotion of long-term savings, the reinvestment of funds, risk management and the development of capital markets to support economic growth. The determinants of life insurance consumption from the economic and demographic perspectives were examined in the ASEAN context. The influence of secondary and tertiary education on the demand for life insurance was investigated to highlight the importance of introducing insurance knowledge in the education syllabus in order to improve the economy in the future with better income and social returns, supported by the life insurance market. This will ensure a sound risk management strategy among individuals, firms and countries as a whole and will align with the ASEAN Economic Community blueprint aimed at improving the living standards of the community.
There are approximately 90% of the world natural rubber (NR) supplies are produced by the top 4 NR exporting countries, particularly Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. The export challenges and uncertainties of the NR latex in the ASEAN market are influenced by many factors. All these issues have driven the motivation of this study that aims to investigate the factors affecting the export of the NR latex, to analyse the relationship among the export price, production and exchange rate with the export, and to predict the export of the NR latex of the four countries. The data from 1999 to 2016 are utilized as the panel data analysis and granger homogeneously causality test for estimations. Estimation reveals that the independent variables, namely export price and production are exhibiting significant positively and the exchange rate shows a negative relationship with export. To conclude, Indonesia and Malaysia are estimated to have decreasing trends of NR latex export. Inversely, Thailand and Vietnam are predicted to exhibit increasing trends of NR latex export. The novelty of this study concerns effectively on the enhancement and stability of NR production in the ASEAN markets despite of the challenges arising from the global market integration.
This paper reports the results of survey on chicken meat production and marketing in selected Asian countries representing developing (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan), rapid developing (Thailand, Philippine, Iran), and developed nations (Japan, Taiwan, Rep. of Korea) in the region. This survey was done during 1994-1995, coordinated with Asian Productivity Organization (APO). Subsequently the meat production and marketing symposium was held in Tokyo which was attended by those foreign experts participated during the survey. The survey covered all the aspects of poultry industry which included chicken, ducks, geese and quails. The survey data obtained from 1970 to 1993 concerning poultry industry was used. The primary objective is to describe poultry consumption and production patterns. The outlook for the poultry industry is promising. In the past 20 years consumption of chicken meat has increased dramatically in these nations. Consumption of chicken meat will continue to increase as estimated income elasticities for chicken meat indicate a latent demand for this meat comparative to other types of meats. In the coming years this increase will continue, although at a slower pace. In the less developed countries in the region, consumption and production will increase quicker than developed countries.
A bequest motive seeks to provide an economic justification for the phenomenon of intergenerational transfers of wealth. In other words, it is to explain why people leave wealth behind when they die. The objective of this study is to identify what motivates the bequest transfers among older Malays in Selangor -the largest ethnic group in Malaysia for which a bequest is culturally and religiously constructed within the society. This primary data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire in the second quarter of 2011 with a total sample size of 280 older Malays aged 50 years or above in the state of Selangor. From the findings, it was discovered that older Malays in Selangor, conformed more to the altruism model than other bequest models.
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