Essential hypertension (EH) is a major public health problem world over and in India. Recent data on EH in the population of Chandigarh (Union Territory and capital of Punjab and Haryana States of India) revealed that the prevalence of EH has become double in the last 30 years in the residents of Chandigarh (26.9 to 45.80% in the year 1968 and 2002). Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) in the serum are considered important in maintaining the human hypertension. The high Zn intake was considered to increase the blood pressure (BP) and to affect the other mineral status in the body. Recent survey on the trace metal status of different vegetables in the State of Punjab around Chandigarh (India) revealed that Zn level is significantly higher (40 mg/kg or more in above ground vegetables and 120 mg/kg or above in underground vegetables) in underground water-irrigated vegetables, but the levels of Cu and Mg are within prescribed limit. The present study was conducted on Chandigarh population to evaluate the levels of Zn, Cu, Mg, and Mn in the blood and urine of normotensive (NT) control and hypertensive (HT) subjects matched with number, age and sex. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer studies reevaluated that the levels of serum Zn, Mg, and Mn were significantly higher (p < 0.001), but the level of Cu was low in the HT subjects (BP = 160/93) compared to NT control (BP = 140/83). Higher levels of urinary Zn, Cu, Mg, and Mn were observed in the HT subject vs NT control (p < 0.001). Positive correlations were evaluated between the levels of serum Zn, Mg, and Mn vs systolic and diastolic pressures (DP and SP), respectively (r = 0.928, 0.863, 0.876, 0.808, 0.404, 0.326, p < 0.01), but negative and positive nonsignificant correlations between the serum Cu with SP and DP were recorded (r = -0.032, r = 0.024). Positive correlations were also evaluated between urinary levels of Zn, Cu, Mg, and Mn vs SP and DP (r = 0.718, 0.657, 0.750, 0.681, 0.630, 0.578, 0.516, 0.461, p < 0.01). Prevalence of essential hypertension may be due to higher Zn level in the food chain that makes the individuals vulnerable to other diseases over the time related to essential hypertension.
The body weight or body weight/height ratio exhibits a positive linear correlation to hair zinc (Zn) concentration which is more strongly positive in men than in women. The obese of both sexes possess higher Zn concentrations in their hair than those with normal body weight/height. The degree of obesity increases with the increase in the hair Zn concentration.
The concentration of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in hair and urine were studied in young nonpregnant healthy women whose both parents were diagnosed for noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM descendants) and were compared with those of young healthy nonpregnant females with no family history of NIDDM or hypertension (non-NIDDM descendants) and NIDDM patients. The concentration of Zn in hair in NIDDM descendants was significantly higher than that of non-NIDDM descendants (p < 0.001) and insignificantly higher than that of NIDDM patients. The hair Cu concentrations in NIDDM descendant and patients were significantly lower than that of non-NIDDM descendants (p < 0.001). Hyperzincuria was detected in some NIDDM patients and hypocuperuria in all NIDDM descendants and patients. The data suggest that the young healthy NIDDM descendants possess high-Zn and low-Cu reserves in their bodies, and the observed perturbation appears to be associated with Cu-Zn antagonism.
Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in hair and urine of patients diagnosed and hospitalized for myocardial infarction (MI patients) and in their descendants (MI descendants) were estimated and compared with their age-matched healthy volunteers with no family history of MI (control group and control descendants). The data revealed approximately twofold higher Zn and twofold lower Cu in the urine of the patients; Zn was lower and Cu was higher in the urine of MI descendants than those of the patients (p < 0.001), but Zn in hair and urine was higher and Cu in hair was lower in MI descendants compared with their control counterparts (p < 0.001). The data suggested that there was a consistent rise in Zn and fall in Cu reserves in the genetically predisposed subjects (MI descendants) prior to the manifestation of clinical symptoms. Based on this, the data were subjected to logistic regression and a model was obtained to predict the susceptibility to MI (LR-MI), having impact factors values as follows: constant (C), -3.342; impact factor of body mass index, -0.776; impact factor of hair Zn, -2.449; impact factor of urine Zn, +3.441; impact factor of hair Cu, -15.077; impact factor of urine Cu, -24.153. For the equation Y = e(x)/(1 + e(x)), the value of x was obtained as follows: -3.342 + [BMI (kg/m2) (-0.776)] + [Hair Zn (micromol/g) (-2.449)] + [Urine Zn (micromol/L) (3.441)] + [Hair Cu (micromol/g) (-15.077)] + [Urine Cu (micromol/L) (-24.153)]. On substituting the values of BMI, hair Zn, urine Zn, hair Cu, and urine Cu in x, the response variable Y as zero for healthy controls and 0.99 or 99.9% susceptibility in MI patients were obtained. In between these two extremes, the response variable ranged between 0 and 0.99 or 99.9% susceptibility to MI in their descendants. It is envisaged that the MI patients have an operational component of a genetic disorder of ionic imbalance at a young age that can be exploited in making a prediction of susceptibility to heart stroke in individuals much before its onset and diagnosis in asymptomatic patients, particularly in genetic and epidemiological studies of MI.
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