Detection of Potentially Myocardial Infarction Susceptible Individuals in Indian Population

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in hair and urine of patients diagnosed and hospitalized for myocardial infarction (MI patients) and in their descendants (MI descendants) were estimated and compared with their age-matched healthy volunteers with no family history of MI (control group and control descendants). The data revealed approximately twofold higher Zn and twofold lower Cu in the urine of the patients; Zn was lower and Cu was higher in the urine of MI descendants than those of the patients (p < 0.001), but Zn in hair and urine was higher and Cu in hair was lower in MI descendants compared with their control counterparts (p < 0.001). The data suggested that there was a consistent rise in Zn and fall in Cu reserves in the genetically predisposed subjects (MI descendants) prior to the manifestation of clinical symptoms. Based on this, the data were subjected to logistic regression and a model was obtained to predict the susceptibility to MI (LR-MI), having impact factors values as follows: constant (C), -3.342; impact factor of body mass index, -0.776; impact factor of hair Zn, -2.449; impact factor of urine Zn, +3.441; impact factor of hair Cu, -15.077; impact factor of urine Cu, -24.153. For the equation Y = e(x)/(1 + e(x)), the value of x was obtained as follows: -3.342 + [BMI (kg/m2) (-0.776)] + [Hair Zn (micromol/g) (-2.449)] + [Urine Zn (micromol/L) (3.441)] + [Hair Cu (micromol/g) (-15.077)] + [Urine Cu (micromol/L) (-24.153)]. On substituting the values of BMI, hair Zn, urine Zn, hair Cu, and urine Cu in x, the response variable Y as zero for healthy controls and 0.99 or 99.9% susceptibility in MI patients were obtained. In between these two extremes, the response variable ranged between 0 and 0.99 or 99.9% susceptibility to MI in their descendants. It is envisaged that the MI patients have an operational component of a genetic disorder of ionic imbalance at a young age that can be exploited in making a prediction of susceptibility to heart stroke in individuals much before its onset and diagnosis in asymptomatic patients, particularly in genetic and epidemiological studies of MI.

Association between copper levels and myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis

“…(n ¼ 59), (3) non-human studies (n ¼ 61), (4) articles not providing Cu levels for both subjects with MI and healthy controls (n ¼ 8). Overall, 14 eligible articles (9 published in English and 5 in Chinese) with 2057 subjects met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis, in which 12 articles with 18 case-control studies for serum Cu levels, while 3 articles with 13 case-control studies for hair Cu concentration (Awadallah et al, 2006;Bakos et al, 1988;Guo et al, 2002;Kazi et al, 2008;Khan et al, 1984;Martin-Lagos et al, 1997;Luo et al, 2002;Singh et al, 1985, Taneja et al, 2000Versieck et al, 1975;Wei et al, 2001Wei et al, , 2003Wen et al, 2000). Of note, one article involved both serum and hair Cu concentrations, and was included in both the groups.…”

Deficient Zinc Levels and Myocardial Infarction

“…(n=19), (3) non-human studies (n=69), and (4) articles not providing Zn levels for both subjects with MI and healthy controls (n=3). Overall, thirteen eligible articles with 2886 subjects from 41 case-control studies were considered in the analysis [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. A flow diagram of the study selection process is presented in Fig 1. …”

Association of Reduced Zinc Status With Angiographically Severe Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Pilot Study

“…Indeed, in an epidemiological study, offsprings of parents with CAD had significantly higher Zn urine levels compared with descendants of healthy controls, suggesting that in genetically predisposed individuals with CAD, a long-term, gradual Zn loss takes place before the onset of clinically apparent symptoms. 37 Whether supplementation of Zn in individuals with Zn depletion could exert a beneficial effect is a hypothesis that needs to be tested in large clinical trials.…”