No abstract

No abstract

Summary The effects of air temperature (T) (unheated and 35 °C), infrared radiation intensity (IP) (894, 1004, 1190, 1314 and 1410 Wm−2) and air velocity (Av) (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ms−1) on drying characteristics of tomatoes, drying time (DT), specific energy consumption (SEC) and quality parameters were investigated. DT and SEC varied between 114 and 249 min, 10.04 and 18.22 MJ kg−1 water, respectively, and were significantly affected by process variables. Shrinkage ratio (S) and rehydration ratio (Rr) were varied between 0.129 and 0.214, 2.11 and 2.86 for all the drying conditions, respectively. Total colour change (ΔE) varied from 5.30 to 13.19. Vitamin C content decreased, while lycopene content increased with infrared drying. For optimum points, desirability of functions of all targets had satisfactory, very good and excellent desirability values and ranged between 0.54 and 0.99.

ÖZET Çanakkale'de tarım sektörü, oldukça geniş ürün çeşitliliğine sahiptir. Tarımsal faaliyetler arasında tarla tarımı, toplam tarım alanının %67'sinde yürütülmektedir. Bu alanlarda, artık potansiyeli bulunan ürünlerin yaygın olarak yetiştirilmekte olması nedeniyle, Çanakkale'de dikkate değer miktarlarda tarımsal artıklar oluşmaktadır. Söz konusu artıklar, Çanakkale için olduğu kadar Türkiye için de enerji kaynağı olarak önemli biyokütle potansiyeli oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Çanakkale ilinin tarla tarımı kaynaklı artıkların oluşturduğu biyokütle potansiyeli belirlenmiş ve biyokütle kaynaklı enerji potansiyeli teorik olarak hesaplanmıştır. 2011-2015 yılları arasındaki istatistikleri kapsayan çalışmada, enerji dönüşümüne konu olabilecek tarla tarımı artıkları, ilçelere göre dağılım dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çanakkale'de gıda maddesi olarak tüketilmek üzere yetiştirilen tarla ürünlerinin hasat sonrasında tarlada bırakılan artıklarından elde edilebilecek toplam enerji potansiyelinin 3.33 PJ yıl -1 olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışma, biyokütle kaynaklarının kullanımı, geleneksel yaklaşımların etkisi, ekonomik ve çevresel etkilerin değerlendirilmesi ve tarımsal artıklardan yararlanma konularında tartışma ve bazı çözüm önerilerini de içermektedir.Determining the residue and energy potential of field crops in Çanakkale Anahtar Sözcükler: Biyokütle Tarımsal artıklar Yenilenebilir enerji ABSTRACT Agricultural sector in Çanakkale province has a wide variety of products. The field crops are produced in 67% of the total agricultural area. Considerable amounts of agricultural residues occur in Çanakkale because of producing the field crops that have potential residue. These residues have a considerable biomass energy potential, which is important for both the Çanakkale and the Turkey. In this research, biomass energy potentials which could be obtained from field crops in Çanakkale province, and residual biomass potential was theoretically calculated by using the statistical data between the years of 2011 and 2015. Potential Residues of field crops were evaluated by considering the distribution by counties. It was determined that total heat capacity which could be obtained from crop residues after harvesting in Çanakkale was 3.33 PJ per year in average. In addition, results include discussion and suggestions about usage of residues, effects of conventional approach on usage of the biomass energy sources in Çanakkale.

Bu çalışmada, şeftali ağaçlarında periyodik olarak gerçekleştirilen budama faaliyetleri sonucu oluşan artıkların kütle miktarları dikkate alınarak, budama artık katsayılarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çanakkale ilinde yetiştirilen 5-10 yaş aralığında 3 farklı şeftali çeşidi için yürütülen çalışmada, budama artık katsayıları belirlenmiş ve katsayılar kullanılarak, Çanakkale ili ve Türkiye geneli için şeftali yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı budama artık ve enerji potansiyeli hesaplanmıştır. Üç çeşide ait ağaç başına düşen budama artık miktarı yüksek oranda yakın değerlerde bulunmuştur. Ancak birim alana düşen budama artık miktarlarının sıra üzeri ve arası mesafelerdeki farklılıklar nedeniyle tüm çeşit ve bölgelere uygulanabilir olmadığı saptanmıştır. Üç çeşidi temsil eden 7.08 kg ağaç-1.yıl-1 ortalama değerin, Türkiye şeftali üretimi budama artıkları belirleme katsayısı olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Söz konusu artıkların enerjiye dönüştürülebilme olanakları araştırıldığında, çeşitli araştırmacılar tarafından ortaya konulan saptamalar ve yaklaşımlar dikkate alınarak, artıkların %70 oranında kullanılabilir olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar dikkate alınarak, biyokütleye konu olan söz konusu artıkların değerlendirilme olanakları araştırılmıştır.

The drying experiments were performed at different temperatures of the drying air (40, 50, and 60°C) and air velocity of 2.5 and 3.5 m/s. Six thin-layer drying models were evaluated and fitted to the experimental moisture data. The fit quality of the models was evaluated using the determination coefficient, chi-square, and root mean square error. Among the selected models, the Midilli et al. model was found to be the best model for describing the drying behaviour of olive pomace. Charcoal is used as a domestic fuel for cooking and heating in many developing countries. It is an important green source for making barbecue, which is obtained from agricultural waste. Due to less CO2 emission, it reduces health risk and deforestation. The coal briquette carbonisation production process consists of a carbonisation stage and a forming stage. During the forming stage, the raw material is mixed with a suitable binder. The final stage of the charcoal process after formation is drying. In this study, the drying parameters of charcoal briquettes made from the olive pomace-making process were evaluated. Three different temperatures and velocities were selected for the drying applications. The low temperature drying process was performed at 60, 50, and 40°C with air velocities of 3 and 2.5. The results were in the range of 3 to 8 hours of drying time. The drying data were applied to six different mathematical models, namely 1Diffusion Approach, 2Henderson and Pabis, 3Two term exponential, 4Midilli et al., 5Page, and 6Wang and Singh Equation Models. The performances of these models were compared according to the coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of estimate (SEE),

The purpose of this study was to determine the daily noise exposure levels in olive harvesting and to evaluate its effects on employees' health. The sound pressure levels (dBA) at the ear level of the employees were measured during olive harvest operations performed by hand-held, self-propelled and tractor-driven machines. It was determined that equivalent sound pressure levels and daily personal noise exposure levels at the operator ear level were in the range of 74-88 dBA and 66-82 dBA, respectively. These values for other employees ranged from 71 to 81 dBA and 65 to 75 dBA. It was determined that the hand-held and tractor driven machines driven by internal combustion engines had higher noise parameters compared to other machines, and the lower exposure action value was exceeded in these machines. The study showed that the health and work efficiency of the employees could be adversely affected, due to prolonged exposure during olive harvest activities.

The aim of this study was to determine the daily noise exposure levels in black tea processing factories and to evaluate its effects on employees' occupational health and safety. In the study, the sound pressure level dBA values were measured at the ear levels of the employees in each production unit in three tea factories operating in Artvin Province. These factories where the measurements were made consist of withering, curling, oxidation, drying (boiler and stove) and classification units. These units include various systems and mechanisms formed by conveyors, fans, steam heaters, boilers, reducers, pallets, hoods, screens, gears, and drums. In the measurements performed considering the ISO 9612:2009 (Acoustics Determination of Occupational Noise Exposure Engineering Method) standard, a sound pressure level meter in Type-2 class complying with the requirements of the IEC 61672-1: 2002 was used. A weighted equivalent sound pressure levels were determined using the measured values. Considering these values and working times, personal daily noise exposure levels were calculated. It was determined that the equivalent sound pressure levels and daily personal noise exposure levels at the employee ear level were in the range of 77-87 dBA and 74-83 dBA, respectively. Curling units have the highest equivalent sound pressure level (86.81 dBA) and daily personal noise exposure level value (83.10 dBA) compared to other units, while boilers have the lowest equivalent sound pressure level (76.75 dBA) and daily personal noise exposure level value (73.55 dBA). Considering the regulation on protection of employees from noise related risks, it was concluded that the daily noise exposure level reached the lower exposure action value (80 dBA) in these factories. The study showed that the health and work efficiency of the employees could be adversely affected by noise in tea factories, considering various research results and Regulations on noise.