Protein kinase CK2 plays a critical role in cell growth, proliferation, and suppression of cell death. CK2 is overexpressed, especially in the nuclear compartment, in the majority of cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). CK2-mediated activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 is a key step in cellular proliferation, resulting in translocation of NF-κB p65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. As CK2 expression and activity are also elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), we sought to increase the knowledge of CK2 function in benign and malignant prostate by examination of the relationships between nuclear CK2 and nuclear NF-κB p65 protein expression. The expression level and localization of CK2α and NF-κB p65 proteins in PCa and BPH tissue specimens was determined. Nuclear CK2α and NF-κB p65 protein levels are significantly higher in PCa compared with BPH, and these proteins are positively correlated with each other in both diseases. Nuclear NF-κB p65 levels correlated with Ki-67 or with cytoplasmic NF-κB p65 expression in BPH, but not in PCa. The findings provide information that combined analysis of CK2α and NF-κB p65 expression in prostate specimens relates to the disease status. Increased nuclear NF-κB p65 expression levels in PCa specifically related to nuclear CK2α levels, indicating a possible CK2-dependent relationship in malignancy. In contrast, nuclear NF-κB p65 protein levels related to both Ki-67 and cytoplasmic NF-κB p65 levels exclusively in BPH, suggesting a potential separate impact for NF-κB p65 function in proliferation for benign disease as opposed to malignant disease.

Chief enantiomer in breast tumors is D-2HG. Mitochondrial Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADHFE I ) produces D-2HG. lt is the CA breast oncogene which leads to decreased patient survival. c-MYC can upregulate ADHFE I by changes in iron metabolism whereas co expression of c-MYC and ADHFE I greatly augment ort hotopic growth of tumor in MCF7 cells. Aims: To determine the expression levels and localization of c-M yc and ADHFE I in different stages of breast cancer tissue. Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative study. Methodology: Present study was conducted to enhance knowledge of c-Myc function in breast cancer by examination of relation between nuclear c-Myc and iron containing ADHFE I enz yme protein expression, using immunohist cichemistry. All this information was recorded on performa. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, was employed to observe mean difference between groups. Results: Nuclear c-Myc and cytoplasmic ADHFE I levels were significantly higher than controls and were positively correlated with each other in advancing stages of breast cancer. Conclusion: It was concluded that the association between the expression levels of c-Myc oncogene and ADHFE-1 enzyme existed in all advancing stages of CA Breast and the expression of both increased as the breast cancer advanced. Keywords: Breast cancer, c-Myc, ADHFE-I and Immunohistochemistry.

Objective: To compare the risk factors with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status of breast cancer patients. Study Design: Cross sectional comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Multidisciplinary Lab-1 of Army Medical College,National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with Department of Pathology of ArmyMedical College, NUMS Rawalpindi, from Jan 2019 to Jan 2020. Methodology: A total of 50 individuals including radiologically diagnosed cases of breast cancer with differentstages and 10 healthy controls without cancer. Patients with any co-morbidity were excluded. Participant’ssample was collected and subjected to ER, PR and HER2 estimation. Other factors i.e. age, gender, marital status, breast feeding, menopause status, side of the breast affected were all taken into consideration. Results: Patients characteristics showed that the mean age, marital and menopause status were linked with breast cancer. The data showed that hormone receptors i.e., ER (p=0.0001), PR (p=0.0002) and HER2 (p=0.0001) were positive among most of the cancer patients as compared to the healthy subjects without cancer. There were no association found between age and hormone receptors. Marital status, breast feeding, menopause and side of breasts involved also had no association with hormone receptors. Conclusion: No significant association found between risk factors and hormone recpetors status of breast cancer patients in our population.

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Objectives: To determine and compare the levels of HDL-c and VLDL-c between Diabetic with/without dyslipidemia with normal healthy controls and risk of Cardiovascular disease. Study Design: Cross Sectional Comparative study. Setting: Multidisciplinary Lab I, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Army Medical College, Rawalpindi. Period: 2 years January 2016 to January 2019. Material & Methods: Total 90 subjects were enrolled in three groups i.e., group I comprised of 30 patients of Diabetic dyslipidemia, group II consisted of 30 patients of Diabetes without dyslipidemia and group III consisted of 30 healthy normal controls. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Data collected was analyzed by SPSS version 22. Results: Male to female ratio included in group I was 1:1.73 and in group II and III was 1:1.5 each. Mean value of the HDL-c among group I was significantly lower as compared to controls. Mean values of the triglycerides (TG) among group I and group II were significantly elevated as compared to the controls. Most of the subjects of group III were doing exercise as part of everyday routine. Conclusion: The HDL-c and TG (VLDL-c) levels are perturbed significantly among Diabetic dyslipidemic patients as compared to Diabetic non-dyslipidemic patients and normal healthy controls. Exercise is an important factor missed by patients to manage their disease.

Background: CK2, a serine/threonine, protein kinase, targets over and above 300 substrates including c-Myc. CK2 expression is elevated in human cancers including breast cancer and prostate cancer. c-Myc protooncogene expression is also up-regulated in these cancers. Objectives: To evaluate the co expression and correlation of CK2 and c-Myc in prostate cancer as compared to their correlation in breast cancer. Study Design: Cross sectional analytical study. Setting: Army Medical College and AFIP, Duration: Two years. Methods: A retrospective study of immunohistochemical analysis, approved by Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Ethical Committee. Paraffin embedded tissues of diagnosed prostate cancer, 30 in number, 30 cases of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) and 30 cases of breast adenocarcinoma, were included in the study. We stained tissue sections for CK2 and c-Myc and measured staining intensity for each protein expression. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for correlating the expression of both proteins. P-value was calculated. Results: A strong correlation of CK2 with c-Myc was seen in prostate cancer tissue, in comparison to BPH. There was a very significant correlation present between CK2 and c-Myc, especially in invasive cases of breast cancer. Conclusion: CK2 and c-Myc expressions are highly and significantly correlated in prostate cancer and breast cancer especially in invasive cases. CK2 has influence over c-Myc and both can be used for forecasting the cancer phenotype and aggression of disease.

CK2 enzyme is up regulated in several cancers. It has many substratesincluding survivin which is up regulated in cancers. Objectives: To find out the correlationbetween expression of CK2α and survivin and evaluate it as a prospective prognostic marker inpathogenesis of the breast cancer and to find if positive correlation between CK2 and survivinwas associated with advancing disease. Study Design: Cross Sectional Analytical type of study.Setting: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindiand Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi. Duration of study: January 2013-December 2014. Methods: The research protocol was approved by Armed Forces Institute ofPathology Ethical Committee. Paraffin embedded tissue sections of diagnosed breast cancer,obtained from AFIP, were used. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine nuclearand cytoplasm expression of survivin, and CK2 .Scoring done by three histopathologists,independently. Results: Total CK2 expression was high in invasive as compared to noninvasivecases (p =0.209). Cytoplasm and nuclear localization of CK2 in invasive group was alittle higher too (p = 0.092) and (p=0.286) respectively. Total survivin expression was high ininvasive as compared to non-invasive cases (p= 0.449). Cytoplasm and nuclear localizationof survivin in invasive group was higher as compared to noninvasive group with no significantdifferent (p=0.472) and (p=0.367) respectively. A positive and strong correlation was found inCK2 and survivin expression and localization in both non-invasive as well as invasive groups.Conclusion: CK2 and survivin correlation in cancers can be used in predicting the cancerphenotype and aggression at early stages.

Background: CK2, a serine/threonine, protein kinase, targets over and above300 substrates including c-Myc. CK2 expression is elevated in human cancers includingbreast cancer and prostate cancer. c-Myc protooncogene expression is also up-regulated inthese cancers. Objectives: To evaluate the co expression and correlation of CK2 and c-Mycin prostate cancer as compared to their correlation in breast cancer. Study Design: Crosssectional analytical study. Setting: Army Medical College and AFIP, Duration: Two years.Methods: A retrospective study of immunohistochemical analysis, approved by Armed ForcesInstitute of Pathology Ethical Committee. Paraffin embedded tissues of diagnosed prostatecancer, 30 in number, 30 cases of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) and 30 cases of breastadenocarcinoma, were included in the study. We stained tissue sections for CK2 and c-Mycand measured staining intensity for each protein expression. Data analysis was done by SPSSversion 20. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for correlating the expression of bothproteins. P-value was calculated. Results: A strong correlation of CK2 with c-Myc was seen inprostate cancer tissue, in comparison to BPH. There was a very significant correlation presentbetween CK2 and c-Myc, especially in invasive cases of breast cancer. Conclusion: CK2 andc-Myc expressions are highly and significantly correlated in prostate cancer and breast cancerespecially in invasive cases. CK2 has influence over c-Myc and both can be used for forecastingthe cancer phenotype and aggression of disease.